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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. is harvested inexpensively. Using biomass-derived energy to displace fossil fuel use will also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Biomass use can bring economic benefits to remote communities that are surrounded by forests yet traditionally import fossil fuel energy for power and heat. Those same communities can reduce wildfire threats by thinning the interface lands, removing underbrush and ladder fuels while capturing the biomass energy. With respect to bugwood use, the CHP option has both advantages and limitations as compared to other technologies discussed in this report. Use of bugwood as a fuel in CHP systems only makes sense where there is a user for the power and heat produced. Small communities can benefit from these systems and use the dead forests nearby. However, it must be recognized that this option insists on transport of bugwood from the harvest site to the user site. Alternatively, the CHP option may encourage a new small-scale industry to be established due to the availability of low-cost biomass power in remote areas. CHP may also be used in conjunction with other technologies discussed in this report in a synergistic manner. Where CHP users are far from a source of bugwood, transport costs may become excessive. The potential exists to use technologies described in this report to concentrate the biomass energy in a different fuel form such as pellets or bio-liquid. Transport costs would be lessened. A CHP system may be a potential user for such fuels. Technologies that concentrate the biomass energy into a different fuel typically require some level of electrical power input for their process. If these technologies are located in remote areas they may require an off-grid power source such as can be provided by the CHP option. This would allow using the local bugwood as a source of off-grid electrical power, rather than importing diesel or other fossil fuel. For example, it can supply all the electrical power and the heat for a prehydrolysis or pellet plant. Many of the technologies that produce a secondary fuel (e.g. pellets) use only a portion of the available biomass with the rest being a reject waste product (bark). CHP systems can use those waste products through a combustion process and thus provide greater utilization of the bugwood resource. 4.3.3 Process There are several CHP processes that are commercial or will be soon. They are all based on a heat cycle such that the reject heat is made available for secondary uses. Heat cycles generally operate at relatively low conversion efficiencies. Efforts are usually made to maximize the cycle efficiency. These include using higher peak temperatures and pressures, using reheat or regeneration cycles, adding economizers and minimizing the low pressure of the cycle. Four technologies are typically associated with potential small-scale CHP systems. The systems to be discussed here will include small-scale steam, the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), the Entropic (Turbion) system and the indirect air turbine. Small-scale steam (see Figure 4.3.1): Steam is the most known indirect heat cycle for power production. It forms the basis of nuclear, coal and biomass power systems. It has well- developed equipment, regulations and engineering expertise. Numerous techniques have been developed to maximize cycle efficiency. Large-scale steam systems can operate at overall efficiencies in the low-30%. However, many of these techniques are not suitable for small-scale steam systems as they add complexity and cost that cannot be justified. Peak pressures and temperatures are generally limited to allow the use of carbon steel materials. This is required to keep costs from becoming excessive. The use of reheat and recuperation cycles is also limited to maintain simplicity and reduce costs. To provide heat in a Page 39PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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