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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. An economic analysis was performed to determine the cost of producing CL and Furfural by harvesting bugwood and implementing prehydrolysis plants according to the layout shown in Figure 4.2.7. The economics for the application in Brazil is well known as this technology is entering the commercialization stage. For BC, there are new issues to consider. The bugwood is a transitional resource; road access can be very difficult in certain areas; the cost of labor is substantially higher; because most of the capital items would be purchased in North America, capital cost increases as additional taxation is expected compared to Brazil. The cost of labor has the most profound impact, affecting wood harvesting, followed by plant operations. In Brazil, wood can be cut for less than $10 per BDT (no chipping and no transportation) depending on the type of biomass being harvested, while in BC, the cost is assumed to be $68.50 per BDT to bring the biomass to the roadside for large scale harvesting operations. As discussed in this report, some experts place the actual cost at $106 per BDT. Although different schemes could be proposed to reduce costs by using companies with low overheads and use remote reactors to better integrate the harvesting and the prehydrolysis, it remains that the harvesting cost in BC is a major factor affecting the economics of bugwood. Based on data comparing our forestry labor rates and the economic analysis for the Biomass Biorefinery plant in Brazil, it was calculated that the labor cost ratio was 5.6 instead of the published national average of 2.83, comparing Canadian wages to that of Brazil. Furthermore, a capital cost ratio of 1.55 was calculated between the two countries by assuming that 30% of the plant cost is labour. An approximate cost of implementing this technology in BC was then calculated. The costs were broken down into: • Wood harvesting, chipping and hauling to the prehydrolysis plant; • Prehydrolysis plant capital, operation and consumables. The capital cost of the plant was not used as part of the profit and loss calculation as an internal rate of return was calculated instead over a 10 year time period; and • Transportation of the CL to a local user is within 250 km by road, freighted by train to Alberta over 1000 km, freighted by train to Vancouver and then shipped to Europe (harbor only). To reduce transfer costs, modal transportation of 20 tonnes containers was assumed. It was also assumed that the Furfural was shipped at the same locations for convince and simplicity. The revenue for the Furfural was based on current market prices which are approximately $1,000 USD/tonnes and that 0.044 tonnes of Furfural is produced per tonne of bugwood processed by the prehydrolysis plant. The revenue for the CL is more difficult to predict. To ensure a plausible implementation of this technology, it was assumed that the CL would not be processed to make higher-value bioenergy products like methanol and ethanol, as these technologies are still not within the time frame of the bugwood problem. Instead a more pragmatic approach was taken, where the CL would at first be sold as a fuel replacement for natural gas. Although numerous applications are available, it remains that a long term stable guaranteed market for CL based on natural gas substitution is appropriate, although it may not be the most economic or best long term strategy. The sensitivity of the price was examined by assuming that the price ratio of CL to natural gas based on its HHV on a $/GJ basis would be 0.6 and 0.8. Although natural gas is very convenient to use when available to the user, it remains there are numerous factors that can decide on the market price for CL substitution. For example, companies wanting to decrease their natural gas cost for heating purposes and areas that do not have access to natural gas will have different price points for switching to CL. Comparison to the cost of pellets, a value of the CL/NG price ratio between 0.6 and 0.8 is a probable market price, as shown in Table 4.2.5. Page 33PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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