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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. 30 μm 8 μm Figure 4.2.1 (a) Lignocellulosic Biomass Showing the Cellulose and Lignin, (b) Cellulignin Obtained After Prehydrolysis, and (c) Burning Cellulignin Directly in a Natural Gas Burner Prehydrolysis of biomass has several distinct advantages: • CL can be compacted and formed into square briquettes so that the bulk and the material densities are the same: 1,250 kg/m3. This results in a specific energy of 23 GJ/m3 which is similar to bituminous coal, 26 GJ/m3, a fossil fuel commodity that is shipped and transported over significant distances. • Both bound and free water are easily exposed during the prehydrolysis process, allowing reduced drying, heating and power costs to make briquettes. • The prehydrolysis dilute acid and washing process reduces the ash levels to less than 0.2%; potassium and sodium levels decrease to below 100 ppm. This aspect is very important when using biomass, for example, in power production to reduce particulate matter, corrosion and slagging - important elements that impact operating and maintenance costs of equipment. More important, it allows CL to have significantly less contaminants, making it better suited to develop higher-value processes and enabling its use directly in a gas turbine if turbine material problems are adequately addressed. The ash and alkaline contents can be further reduced if washing is performed with distilled water. • The fine powder produced after grinding can be atomized using a natural gas burner, allowing for substitution of natural gas with CL in many applications, as shown in Figure 4.2.1c. This is very important as there are limited equipment modifications required for the end user, thereby limited capital cost involved in fuel switching. In addition, CL avoids the many fuel handling issues characteristic of biomass systems. • The energy required to grind the CL is low compared to other processes. • The resulting prehydrolysate liquor contains furfural, a commodity that sells for $1,000 US per tonne. • The prehydrolysis process is independent of the initial moisture of the biomass feedstock. • CL can be used to make a syngas without the need of a gasifier, eliminating tar issues. This is important for the production of biofuels. • Alkaline and ash components are removed at the start of the process by the dilute acid to avoid downstream conversion issues. • Recycling of the water makes the process environmentally friendly and closed-loop. The CL approach is well suited to develop the biorefinery concept. Furthermore, the sludge removed from the resulting liquor can be converted to a bio-liquid using low-temperature pyrolysis. CL can be directly used in a gas turbine to obtain power conversion efficiencies exceeding 40% in a combine cycle. Alternatively, CL can be used to power a traditional steam turbine using a simplified fuel feeding system. It can be made from any type of biomass, and the Page 24PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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