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BC Bugwood Envirochem Services Inc. 4.1.3 Manufacturing and Transport Costs At a bulk density of 650 to 750 kg/m3 [DRC 2005a], the energy content of pellets is roughly twice as large as that of roundwood loaded on a truck. Compared to chips, the energy is concentrated four to six times (bulk density of 11.2 GJ/m3 for pellets vs. 2.8 GJ/m3 for chips [BfE 2001]). According to Delta Research Corporation, the investment cost for a pellet plant is C$1 million for every 10,000 tonnes of capacity [DRC 2005a], i.e. $25 million for the plant size discussed here (probably conservative due to economies of scale). Eight people per shift are running the plant and shipping facilities, plus one supervisor per shift (three-shift operation) and administrative personnel (salesman, secretary, accountant, director during day shift only). Capital is procured at an interest rate of 10%, which is the expected ROI of an equity investor. The fuel consumption of the front loader is assumed to be 8 litres of diesel per hour, at a price of $0.90 per litre. The per-kWh cost of electricity is 3.4 cents per kWh. Some ash will be produced by burning bark to dry wood, but the removal cost is considered negligible. A chipping plant with an annual wood input of 250,000 t is relatively large compared to existing pellet plants in BC, although plants with capacities of up to 180,000 tonnes per year exist. Most of these plants are situated close to sawmills and are using residues from wood products manufacturing. Pellets can be used in different markets: • for co-firing in coal plants in Alberta; • for industrial heat applications in BC, such as greenhouses or pulp and paper mills; • for power generation in Europe; and, • or for residential and other space heat applications in BC. According to Pinnacle Pellet in Quesnel, the market price for pellets is $156 per tonne. Pellets are already used for residential heating in BC, and are also exported to various European countries. However, many districts have regulations in place that prohibit the use of wood for heating purposes (Lower Mainland, Kamloops, Golden, Prince George), such that further development of this market in BC seems unlikely. The price for pellets that can be obtained in Europe is closer to $170/t [DRC 2005b]. Table 4.1.1 shows the costs and revenues for three different options. Case 1 sells the pellets to a greenhouse in BC, at a distance of 700 km from the plant, delivered by truck. As freighting pellets by truck is a very expensive option, delivery to clients at a shorter range may reduce costs enough to run a profit. Case 2a exports the pellets to Alberta to be co-fired in coal plants. This is again a simplified assumption as Alberta’s pulverized coal plants may not accept pellets as a feedstock, but may require chips instead. BC pellets are ground before they are burned in the UK [DRC 2005b], so for shorter distances, shipping logs to be chipped on-site instead of pellets may be the preferred option. The costs identified do not include the investment to modify the coal plant to accommodate for biofuel co-firing. The costs of co-firing up to 5% biomass are considered negligible, only requiring separate handling and receiving equipment, but no burner modifications. Co-firing up to 15% biomass would require some modifications to feedstock handling and burners. It is assumed that co-firing of biomass will qualify under the emerging federal Renewable Power Production Incentive (RPPI) scheme. This is not guaranteed at this point in time and needs to be verified, especially as a provincial cap may restrict the capacity to be supported by such a scheme to 450 MWel, including all other types of renewable energy production, apart from wind power. The example also includes revenues from carbon credit sales, since 0.9 tonnes of CO2 are displaced per MWh produced at the coal plant through coal substitution with CO2 neutral biomass feedstock (0.5 tonnes of biomass generate 1 MWh of electricity). The price of an emission credit is assumed to be equivalent to the current cap of $15 per tonne of CO2. Whether a coal plant would be accepting biomass pellets at a price of $156 Page 19PDF Image | IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE USES FOR BIOMASS
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