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Key Issues The price of electricity needs to stay high (over 8 cents per kWh) for geothermal electricity production in Texas to be economically competitive. As it becomes a normal business practice for oil and gas wells with fluid temperatures over 200°F to switch to geothermal electrical production, rather than be plugged and abandoned, then the pricing is expected to decrease along with new technology becoming available. A future carbon tax is a concern for hydrocarbon related companies and they are looking at geothermal as an offset mechanism. Also the ability to use CO2 as a working fluid for heat extraction is currently being researched because of its reduced surface friction and increased heat capacity over water.44 This would create a geothermal power plant that is carbon negative. Geothermal electrical power production projects have a different business structure than the oil and gas companies. Oil and gas companies operate on a short-term, quick turnaround time for investment. Geothermal power projects are high in upfront investment and they have long-term paybacks of 10 to 30 years. Another difference is that oil and gas wells often have many leaseholders on a well and even at different depths. Geothermal power companies usually limit the number of investors and mineral right holders because of the long-term structure of the business plan.50 Therefore, using certain existing oil and gas wells may initially be challenging. In Texas, the Railroad Commission lists geothermal as a separate mineral from oil and gas creating a new royalty for the mineral right owner. Increased education and marketing concerning geothermal resources for Direct Use and Geothermal HVAC systems are both important in order to give potential users the knowledge that the technologies even exist. Geothermal resources are not easily seen or felt and thus are not a widely known resource. This gives geothermal a disadvantage compared to other resources such as wind, biomass, and solar. As for electricity production, once there are a few geothermal power plants online in Texas producing baseload electricity, the important advantages of geothermal will be enjoyed by both producers and consumers. Information Sources Fundamental Data Collection Few Texas aquifers have been measured specifically to assess their thermal characteristics. Bottom hole temperature measurements have been logged for most oil and gas wells and included on the well headers from the more than 600,000 wells drilled in the state. Although only a small portion of those wells have been examined for current reports, the data is available for others to access if interested in site specific locations. Coupled with the oil and gas data is water well drilling information for community wells, which includes temperature and fluid chemistry. The geopressure studies from the 1970s and 1980s along the Gulf Coast also include data. The resulting geothermal resource evaluation given in this chapter is a summary of all of this information. With the ability to access much data online, only key reports, organizations, and maps have been listed below. Information Sources Data Bases and Organizations In Texas, the Railroad Commission regulates the exploration, development, and production of geothermal energy on public and private land and accordingly keeps files on each geothermal and oil and gas well in the state. The public may access these files which include such forms as the production test and completion report and log, the producer’s monthly report of geothermal wells, the monthly geothermal gatherer’s report, the producer’s certification of compliance and the authority to transport geothermal energy, and the application to inject fluid into reservoirs. (http://www.rrc.state.tx.us). The SMU Geothermal Laboratory has conducted United States regional and Texas geothermal resource assessments coordinated by David Blackwell and Maria Richards. Both raw data and maps are available online at http://www.smu.edu/ geothermal. The Geothermal Resource Assessment for the I35 Corridor East to the state boarder includes new oil and gas data and resource maps available on the SMU Geothermal Lab website and the SECO website. Research efforts by Swift and Erdlac at the West Texas Earth Resources Institute (WTERI), and later continued by Erdlac at The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Center for Energy and Economic Diversification (UTPB-CEED), produced a 5,000+ well database of over 8,000 temperature-depth points from oil and gas well log headers for the Delaware Basin, the northern part of the Val Verde Basin, 7-14 Geothermal Energy Texas Renewable Energy Resource AssessmentPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Texas
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