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Ottine was the site of a children’s polio treatment center but moved away from mineral water therapy with the advent of the sulfa drug. The active well has a temp of 102°F (39°C). Hot Wells Resort in San Antonio was an active mineral water site through 1925 when a fire destroyed the hotel. The bath house remains with its artesian well flowing at 103°F (39°C) water; private owners are considering restoring the bath facilities after the San Antonio River Authority completes the river improvement projects.43 A simple application based on a warm well (98°F/37°C) is Stacy Pool in Austin. This Austin recreation pool well has been flowing since the 1930s. According to the Oregon Institute of Technology, Texas has 43 communities with access to water for Direct Use applications which could be attracting businesses to use this resource. Wells providing water from 100 to 140°F (38—60°C) are currently available for use in the following communities: Eden, Marlin, Taylor, Austin, Ottine, San Antonio, and Kennedy. Geothermal Electrical Power Commercial electrical production from geothermal resources is still in the development stage in Texas. The DOE geopressured-geothermal demonstration in 1989-90 of a one MW power plant at Pleasant Bayou, Brazoria County, is bringing much renewed interest with rising energy prices and the desire for renewable energy. This project showed that geothermal electrical power generation can be accomplished in Texas. Conversion Technology The geothermal power industry is in the process of undergoing a paradigm shift. Until 2006 there was no technology or energy pricing that would cause consideration of fluids less than 250°F (121°C) for geothermal electrical production. Then in 2006, the project in Chena Hot Springs, Alaska produced electricity with 165°F (74°C) water and the geothermal world took a new look at many previously ignored resources, such as the sedimentary basins in the Gulf Coast and the West Texas. New interest in project development from existing oil and gas fields has spurred new technology from binary fluid designs to gas compressors. An increased need for micropower plants (30 kW to 500 kW) as part of distributed power development has resulted in companies designing new systems for geothermal energy production. Examples of companies today with existing or demonstrating power plant technology for electrical generation in Texas are ORMAT Technologies, UTC Power, ElectraTherm, Inc, and Deluge, Inc. Another technology that can use the geothermal fluids is absorption chillers. Large commercial applications can use the heated fluids directly for air conditioning, increasing the energy efficiency of the system. This is currently being done in Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, using their hot water to keep an ice hotel frozen throughout the summer. Each year Geothermal HVAC companies improve their products for residential and commercial applications. The highest rated systems are currently at 30 SEER, which is the highest efficiency level of the Energy Star government ratings for home applications. A list of companies manufacturing geothermal heat pumps can be found on the U.S. Government Energy Star website: http://www.energystar.gov/. Infrastructure Considerations Electrical production from geothermal energy will most likely be situated along with existing oil and gas field wells. Field equipment needs electricity and could be the first major use of geothermal electricity. Baseload or peak power contracts for the excess energy could be offered into ERCOT’s wholesale market or sold directly to load serving entities and transmitted using existing transmission lines. Lines with insufficient carrying capacity would need to be upgraded from the generation location to the major line. Most of the geothermal resources available for immediate electrical development projects are near existing population centers, so transmission lines are already in place. The Trans-Pecos region has a limited transmission grid and oil and gas fields often utilize diesel fuel for generating electricity in rural areas. In these instances, the onsite need for the produced electricity is even greater. As large fields are converted to geothermal electrical production in West Texas, working with the other renewable industries to ensure the transmission of the electricity will be important. The largest expense for a Geothermal HVAC system is the ground loop field. The ground loop depth varies according to local geology and ground water movement in the area; if there is 10 feet of soil below the surface, then a horizontal loop can be installed. More typically a vertical loop is installed and includes between 200 to 300 ft (61—91 m) per borehole per ton of air exchange. Vertical systems have increased upfront costs but are shown to improve system efficiency compared to horizontal designs.5, 7 The payback period is about two to ten years, depending on the heat pump and energy efficiency of the building. The loop field materials are usually guaranteed to last at least 50 years. Since much of the expense is in the ground loop, with a guaranteed time frame, one consideration would be for ground loops to be paid for by municipalities, rural electric cooperatives, or even neighborhood associations, who could then lease them back to homeowners in order to spread the expense over the life of the system. 7-12 Geothermal Energy Texas Renewable Energy Resource AssessmentPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Texas
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