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and a more careful review by the Ministry of Energy prior to granting the concession. At present, concession size in Chile is also very inflexible. The law requires that concessions have the shape of a parallelogram, meaning that all sides must be perfectly straight.44 Some concessions, particularly those near international borders, may require a unique shape so they can fully and effectively exploit resources. 3. Addressing institutional constraints A lack of direction in existing policy and an absence of general institutional support for geothermal energy can weaken regulation. Despite the existence of a renewable energy target, the government has not put forth a concrete plan for boosting geothermal energy generation as part of a broader energy strategy that should aim to deploy clean and sustainable energy alternatives. As detailed above, due to its time line and elevated early costs, geothermal may not reap the benefits of such a renewable portfolio standard. Yet in the face of this, mechanisms to spur development of geothermal are still not well defined. Individuals from industry and academia who were consulted generally found this lack of direction to be a strong barrier for development; those in government did not feel as strongly.45 This lack of consensus among key actors may make finding solutions in the short-run challenging, unless government leadership starts showing the political will necessary to make geothermal development, along with other NCRE alternatives, a priority going forward. n Clearer policy signals It will be critical for Chile to provide a clear policy direction for geothermal that addresses lingering regulatory and legal ambiguities and helps reduce costs and risks to investment. Unclear policy signals regarding the government’s level of support for geothermal energy as part of a broader energy strategy may make investors wary of supporting projects. No country, with perhaps the exception of early activity in the United States in the 1970s, has developed a robust geothermal energy sector without very clear incentive mechanisms and/or significant expenditures aimed at advancing and sustaining projects.46 Countries with significant levels of geothermal energy production—namely Iceland, the Philippines, and New Zealand—all began large- scale development via strong state involvement.47,48,49 n broadening the base of geothermal experts Perhaps the most important symptom of the lack of a clear policy for energy is manifested in the manner in which geothermal energy regulation is handled by government institutions. While Chile’s Ministry of Energy is technically the figurehead department for all energy resources, responsibility for geothermal energy projects, information, and evaluation is scattered across several government institutions including (but not limited to) the Ministry of Energy, the Center for Renewable Energy, and the National Service of Geology and Mining. Moreover, these institutions have very few people dedicated specifically to managing and advancing geothermal development. In contrast, New Zealand has a much larger government support staff for the geothermal sector.50 A greater number of experts under the roof of a single government entity could help elevate the profile of geothermal energy within Chilean institutions, ensuring that it is more explicitly included in future resource planning. This could also help strengthen coordination and effectiveness in the management of geothermal resources. Continuing to build local expertise and technical capacity is also key, especially as Chile looks toward how it will sustain and grow the industry once it matures. The government and industry can help ensure the training of the next generation of geothermal professionals by collaborating with local academic institutions to promote continued research and development. ConCLUSIon Chile has the natural and human resources to become a leader in clean and sustainable energy generation. To do so it must create an appropriate energy policy framework that will help leverage all of its abundant NCRE resources. The new commitment to produce 20 percent of its energy needs by 2025 with NCRE is a good step forward. But in the case of geothermal energy, it will also be necessary to evaluate actions and mechanisms that can address specific hurdles the resource faces. This will help ensure that geothermal eventually contributes to the energy matrix as sustainable base-load power. to unleash Chile’s geothermal potential, it is necessary to carefully consider barriers and policy solutions related to: (1) attracting investment, (2) reducing legal and regulatory issues, and (3) addressing institutional constraints. The stakeholders consulted as part of this analysis expressed varying sentiments with regard to these issues, indicating that it will be necessary to engage in serious and forward-looking dialogue on how to strengthen the role of geothermal power. Policy solutions may be most achievable initially for problems related to financing, given the consensus that high risks and costs can be barriers to development, although there is still no clear consensus as to the strength of particular solutions to these issues. There is less apparent consensus regarding the significance of legal and regulatory barriers, so finding solutions to these issues may be more challenging in the short term. However, these hurdles too must be addressed proactively, in particular with regard to potential community and environmental impacts and public participation. Institutional constraints to geothermal energy, which have ramifications for most other barriers as well, will be corrected when there is sufficient political will to set a clear policy direction for the energy sector that addresses geothermal energy as part and parcel of Chile’s future energy matrix. PAGE 8 | Geothermal Energy: Unleashing the Earth’s Power to Fuel Chile’s FuturePDF Image | Geothermal Energy 2013
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