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34 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Scientific Drilling in Geothermal Systems During the past three decades, shallow- to intermedi- ate-depth research wells have been drilled in the Impe- rial Valley (the Salton Sea, California, Scientific Drilling Project), at the Inyo Domes, California, in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, and in the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest. In addition, reconnaissance-style drilling to determine heat flow and hydrologic characteristics was completed over much of the Western United States. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) participated in most of these multidisciplinary, multiagency projects. Among the drilling projects with implications for geothermal resources are the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Long Valley Caldera Exploratory Well (LVEW), California, the USGS Creede Caldera Project, Colorado, a corehole at Hilo, Hawai‘i (funded by the National Science Foundation), and multiagency projects at The Geysers, California. Foreign drilling projects with geothermal applications include those at Soultz sous-Forêt (France), Iceland, Tyrniauz (Russia), and several projects in Japan (for example, Kakkonda). USGS personnel were involved in the planning of scientific experiments at each of these sites. Drilling near the center of Long Valley Caldera was envisioned initially as a probe into a near-magmatic regime to test the hypothesis that molten rock was present at drillable depth, to assess the extent and composition of corrosive geothermal gases and fluids, and to test various drill-hole casing and heat-exchanger materials under natu- ral near-magmatic conditions. However, changes in funding sources and associated priorities shifted the focus toward exploration of the hydrothermal resource beneath the central and western parts of the caldera. The third and final phase of drilling near the center of the caldera (LVEW) involved continuously coring from 2 to 3 kilometers depth. It was a pioneering effort, involving the first deployment of a “hybrid” coring system (mining-type coring equipment coupled with an oilfield type rig) developed by the U.S. scientific-drilling consortium DOSECC (Deep Observa- tion and Sampling of the Earth’s Continental Crust). It also featured a completely digital data-gathering facility and the first deployment of on-site science equipment by the Operational Support Group International Continental Sci- entific Drilling Program (IDDP). Despite many scientific “firsts” and successes, the LVEW failed to find evidence of a hydrothermal system in that part of Long Valley. Since then, the well has been converted to an underground USGS volcano laboratory The two coreholes of the Creede Caldera Project were designed to sample ancient lake-bottom sediments in this On-site scientist demonstrates the digital core scanner to a tour group at the Long Valley, California, drillsite. (U.S. Geological Survey photograph.)PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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