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28 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Long Valley Caldera—Monitoring Hydrologic Changes Caused by Geothermal Development A geothermal feature at the Earth’s surface has a natu- ral life cycle—birth, maturation, and eventually death—and the geologic record contains many “fossil” geothermal systems. The life cycle of a hot spring is generally very long—lasting centuries to millennia—compared to the human life cycle. However, rapid geothermal change can be caused not only by powerful geologic events, such as earth- quakes and landslides, but also by human intervention. Hot water produced through geothermal wells will inevitably alter the natural subsurface conditions of a hydrothermal system. At the surface, a geothermal feature’s response to such effects from nearby geothermal develop- ment may range from no measurable change to drying up, or possibly, to increased vigor. There are social and politi- cal reasons to avoid human-induced change to the natural condition, and considerable research is aimed at doing so through controlled and monitored development. Subsurface ������� hydrothermal conditions can be monitored, enabling the early recognition of any human-induced change and the ini- tiation of any needed mitigating measures. Such hydrologic monitoring is currently being conducted at the Long Valley Caldera in east-central California. Active hot springs are common in the Long Valley Caldera region, where the most recent eruptions occurred about 250 years ago. Following surface exploration and test drilling during the 1970s and early 1980s, a geothermal binary powerplant was constructed there in 1985. Two more binary powerplants came on line in 1990, and additional geothermal exploration and development are ongoing. Moreover, the ski-resort town of Mammoth Lakes, within the caldera, has drilled several wells to evaluate produc- ing geothermal fluids for direct-use applications. These geothermal-energy developments, combined with a grow- ing need for cool ground water for municipal consumption, ������� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ������� ����� ���������� ����� ������ � ��� ����� ����� ������� ���� �������� ������� � ����� � ���������� ������� �������� ���� ������� ��� ����������� ��� ������ ����������� ���� ������� ���� � � ����� ��� Map of Long Valley Caldera in east-central California showing locations of geothermal powerplants, hot springs, and observation wells. The hot springs and wells are being monitored by the U.S. Geological Survey to detect hydrologic changes that may result from geothermal development. � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � �PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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