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24 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Many hydrothermal systems have been discovered and evaluated, only to be left undeveloped, usually because of insufficient permeability. Some systems of this sort, though not economic under present market conditions, could become competitive with increased permeability and (or) with increased efficiency for conversion of heat to electric- ity. Currently uneconomic zones around the margins of developed hydrothermal reservoirs also are targets for these types of enhancements. As the hot dry rock (HDR) experiment in New Mexico (see section called “Mining the Earth’s Heat”) illustrated, HDR reservoirs are not economic under current techno- logical and market conditions. Nonetheless, techniques developed specifically for creating reservoirs in HDR can be used to increase permeability in marginally produc- tive natural hydrothermal systems. Thus, this technology is appropriate for a broad class of targets between the extremes of currently commercial and hot dry rock systems. This middle ground is defined as encompassing candidates for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Stimulation of permeability in EGS can be undertaken in a variety of geologic environments. The technology includes fault and fracture analysis, hydraulic fracturing to increase permeability, directional drilling to intersect fractures that are oriented favorably, and injection of groundwater or wastewater at strategic positions to replen- ish fluids and to reverse pressure declines. Taken together, these remedial measures can extend the productivity and longevity of an existing hydrothermal reservoir, allow hitherto uneconomic reservoirs to be brought on line, or increase the size and output of existing reservoirs by allowing development of previously unproductive portions of the field. Twilight at the drill site at Soultz sous Fôrets, France, northern Rhinegraben. (Photograph courtesy of BESTEC GmbH.) The HDR projects currently being pursued in Europe (Soultz sous Fôrets) and, until recently, Japan (Hijiori, Oga- chi) are more properly characterized as EGS projects in that they seek to increase the productivity of existing hydrother- mal reservoirs rather than creating new ones from imperme- able rock. The injection programs at The Geysers (Califor- nia) and Dixie Valley (Nevada) are also good examples of EGS projects. Currently, the U.S. Department of Energy is cosponsoring several EGS projects in the western United States to provide additional geothermal resources. Range of permeability within which enhanced geothermal productivity can be achieved.PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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