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Magma Rock materials in the Earth’s crust that are molten— called magma—have the highest heat content, with tem- peratures that range from about 650 to 1,300°C. Applying terminology from the mining industry, magma is the purest form (or highest grade) of geothermal “ore.” Magma is, in fact, the ultimate source of all high-temperature geothermal environments in the crust, including both wet (hydrother- mal systems) and dry systems (hot dry rock). The size, distribution, and frequency of volcanic erup- tions provide direct evidence that magma is widespread within the crust. Much of this magma is within about 5 kilometers of the surface—depths easily reached using current drilling technology. The 15 cubic kilometers of magma erupted in 1912 to produce the volcanic deposits in The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska, was probably at drillable depth before eruption. Had it been possible to mine this magma’s thermal energy before eruption, using heat exchangers lowered into the magma through drill holes, the output would have been the equivalent of about 7,000 megawatts of electricity for a minimum of 30 years— equal to the combined power of 7 hydropower stations the size of the one at Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, producing at top capacity for 30 years. The economic mining of useful energy from magma is not likely to be achieved any time soon, even though technical feasibility to do so has been examined theoreti- cally and demonstrated both in the laboratory and in the field. The field experiments were carried out during the 1980s within the still-molten core of a lava lake that formed in Kïlauea Iki Crater, Hawai‘i, in 1959. The long-term economics of mining heat from magma are unknown, at least in part because of uncertainties in the expectable life span of materials in contact with magma during the mining process. Finding materials that can withstand extremely high temperatures and the corrosive nature of magma is one of the main obstacles to overcome before magma-energy technology can be widely tested. Scientists at the Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, are leaders in the field of research and development devoted to solving these problems. Another impediment to tapping the thermal energy contained in magma is in unambiguously locating the magma body before drilling begins. Although experts agree that many bodies of magma are within the drillable part of ������ ������� ������ ���� ����� ���� ����� �� ����� ��� ���������� ���� ���� ������ ���������� ����� ���������� ����� A pipe is drilled and (or) pushed into magma. Cold water is pumped down the pipe, becomes heated by magma in contact with pipe, and rises buoyantly back to the surface as steam. Magma that solidifies against the pipe forms an insulating layer that must somehow be sloughed off into the magma body to maximize rate at which heat is mined. This sort of sys- tem was successfully tested in a crusted-over pond of magma (lava lake) at Kïlauea Iki Crater of Kïlauea Volcano on the Island of Hawai‘i in the 1980’s. the Earth’s crust, their exact locations can be verified only by drilling, and drilling is expensive. The possibility of the drill missing the target adds to the uncertainties related to longevity of materials in a hot corrosive environment. For the present, these uncertainties definitely make any attempt to mine the heat of magma a high-risk endeavor. Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� 23PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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