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18 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Geothermal Space Heating—A Boon to Iceland’s Economy One of the earliest and simplest applications of geothermal energy was to use naturally hot water to heat space. This still is the most common direct-use application of the Earth’s heat. Space heating with geothermal water in Iceland has a significant positive impact on that nation’s economy. Somewhat more than 45 percent of the country’s primary energy use comes from geothermal sources. Hydropower provides nearly 17 percent, whereas oil and coal account for the balance. Situated astride one of Earth’s globe-girdling belts of active volcanoes, Iceland has abundant geothermal resources of both electrical and nonelectrical grade. The country also has abundant surface-water resources, and a bit more than 80 percent of the nation’s electricity is gener- ated from hydropower. However, 87 percent of all buildings are heated with geothermal water. The geothermal water (or fresh surface water heated with geothermal water through a heat exchanger) for space heating in Reykjavík, Iceland’s capital, is piped as far as 25 kilometers from well fields before being routed to radiators in buildings. Very little thermal energy is lost in transit because a high rate of flow is maintained through well-insulated pipes. Typically, the water delivered to homes and other buildings is of a quality sufficient for other direct uses (for example, bathing and food preparation) in addition to space heating and therefore is also piped to taps. The size of space- heating developments varies from large enough to serve all of Reykjavík (population of about 145,000, which is about 40 percent of the country’s population) to appropriately small enough for a single-family residence in a rural setting. Geo- thermal water also is used in Iceland to heat greenhouses, so that flowers and vegetables can be grown year round. �2�4�° �2�2�° �2�0�° �1�8�° �1�6�° �1�4�° ��������� ��������� ������� ������ ������ ������ ��� ���������� �� ����� ����������� ������������ ������ ������ ���� ����� ���� �� ������� ��� ��������� � � ��� 66° �6�4�° Iceland straddles an irregular boundary between two of the Earth’s lithospheric plates that are moving apart. The country literally grows—by this plate motion (rifting)—in a roughly east-west direction at an average rate of about 12 centimeters per year. The plate boundary is the locus of many earthquakes, active volcanoes, and associated geothermal systems. Because the entire country consists of geologically young volcanic rocks, warm water can be encountered in holes drilled almost anywhere. Aerial view of the zone where Iceland is spreading (rifting) apart. Linear ridges and cliffs in foreground mark traces of fractures that form during rifting. Plumes of steam are from geothermal wells at Hengil. � � � � � � � � � �� ��PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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