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16 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Electricity From Moderate-Temperature Hydrothermal Systems Many hydrothermal systems contain water too cool to directly power steam-driven turbine generators, yet hot enough to boil another fluid whose vapor can drive a turbine. This method of power production—called a binary system—utilizes the combined properties of geothermal water and a second so-called “working fluid” in the energy- conversion cycle. A geothermal development employing binary technology with isobutane as the working fluid is currently in operation near Mammoth Lakes, east of the Sierra Nevada in central California. Three binary-cycle powerplants near Mammoth Lakes account for a total net generating capacity of 37 megawatts electric. The plants are located within Long Valley Caldera, which contains numerous hot springs and other surface features of an active hydrothermal system. Wells, each about 200 meters deep, supply the binary powerplants with 170°C water. Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy from this water to the isobutane, which vaporizes and drives the turbine generators, is then condensed and revaporized to repeat the turbine-driving cycle. The geothermal water for this development is kept liquid using pumps to maintain appropriate pressure and is injected through wells back into the subsurface reser- voir once heat has been transferred to the isobutane. This injection avoids problems, such as chemical precipitation, often associated with boiling of geothermal water, and it minimizes decline in reservoir pressure while maximizing recovery of thermal energy stored in rocks of the reser- voir. A flow rate of about 1,000 kilograms per second of geothermal water from the production wells is required for maximum powerplant output. In general, binary-cycle pow- erplants can produce electricity profitably from geothermal water at temperatures as low as 100°C. The geothermal power plants near Mammoth Lakes are built on both private and public lands. A portion of the revenue generated from these plants is returned through taxes and royalties to local, State, and Federal agencies to offset costs incurred in permitting and regulating their operation. The geothermal development is in an envi- ronmentally sensitive region that is a popular year-round resort. A program designed to monitor the effects of development on the local environment has been success- fully implemented through a cooperative effort among the private developer, various regulatory agencies, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Europe has many hydrothermal systems that could be harnessed to generate electricity with binary technology. An engineering-economic evaluation of one of these systems is currently underway by personnel from GeoForschungZen- trum in Potsdam, Germany. Binary-cycle geothermal powerplants near Mammoth Lakes, California. Mammoth Mountain in background on right. (Photograph by Edward Evans.)PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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