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12 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Tapping the Geothermal Potential of the Great Basin The Basin and Range physiographic province of the Western United States covers most of Nevada and parts of adjoining states. Between 50 and 10 million years ago, this region experienced considerable lateral stretching and thin- ning of the crust, processes still active in some areas. The northern part (also known as the Great Basin) of the Basin and Range is higher in elevation, has higher heat flow, and is more tectonically active than the southern part, which includes the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts. The Great Basin contains the largest number of geothermal power plants in the United States, although most geothermal electrical production is at two sites else- where—The Geysers and Imperial Valley of California. Installed capacities of Great Basin plants range from 1 to 270 megawatts of electricity. Total installed capacity is 500 megawatts electric, about 17 percent of the national total. However, 500 megawatts electric is far less than the poten- tial resource predicted (roughly 3,000 megawatts electric) by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in the 1970s. Fail- ure to reach this potential can be attributed in part to market forces and in part to overly optimistic assumptions about the character of Basin and Range geothermal reservoirs. More than half of the geothermal electricity from the Great Basin is produced at Coso, in south-central Cali- fornia. The Coso area was long recognized as a potential geothermal resource, because it contains boiling mud pots and fumaroles within an area of many volcanoes whose little-eroded shapes indicate geologic youth. During the mid 1970s, a team of government and university scien- tists carried out a variety of field studies that suggested a potential geothermal resource of several hundred mega- watts electric. Subsequent drilling has resulted in about 270 megawatts electric on line by 2000; exploration and development continue. A geologically similar, though smaller, resource has been developed at a young volcanic area called Roos- evelt Hot Springs, Utah, but most geothermal resources of the Great Basin are not associated with volcanoes. Typically, resources occur where groundwater circulates deeply along the major fault zones that bound blocks of the highly extended crust of the region. This groundwa- ter simply is heated as it circulates downward within the zones of fractured and therefore permeable rock. In 2000, the Great Basin became a major focus of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) outreach initiative entitled “Geopowering the West” (http://www.eren.doe.gov/ geopoweringthewest/). The Great Basin Center for Geo- thermal Energy, which is affiliated with the University of Nevada, Reno, and with the Desert Research Institute in Nevada, has been funded by DOE to help identify additional geothermal resources in the region. The USGS is a partner of DOE and university-based researchers in this effort. � ������������ ������ � ���������� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���������� ��� ������ ����� ����� ������ ������� ���� ��� � �� ���������� ���� �� ���� � ��� � � � � ���� ���� � � ���� ��� ��� ��� �� ��� Map of the Great Basin showing the distribution of heat flow, location of electrical powerplants, and identified hydrothermal systems ����� ���� ������ ���������� ������ ��PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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