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6 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Magma, Volcanoes, and Geothermal Energy Geologists have long known that molten rock (magma) in the Earth’s crust provides the heat needed to create most high-temperature geothermal resources that have potential for electricity generation. The clearest evidence for this conclu- sion is the common occurrence of young, sometimes active, volcanoes within areas of proven high-temperature geothermal resources. Because of this link between magma and high-tem- perature geothermal resources, geologists of the U.S. Geo- logical Survey (USGS) developed a method to determine the approximate size and temperature of a body of magma in the crust today from the age and volume of volcanic rocks erupted most recently from that body. A key point in this method is that for each volume of magma erupted, about ten times that volume remains in the Earth’s crust. This 1:10 relationship is based on studies of volcanic rocks and their subsurface mag- matic-rock roots at many locations worldwide. Another key point of the method is the calculation of about how long it takes for a body of magma to cool in the crust. Such calculations of heat-lost-through-time have resulted in a three-part classification of volcanic areas—those with high geothermal potential, those with low geothermal potential, and an intervening “transition zone” within which the geothermal potential of a volcanic area cannot be accurately determined from available information (see accompanying graph). Simply put, a relatively large body of magma of relatively young age is far more likely to be a potent source of geothermal heat today than is a smaller and older body of magma. Because the information needed to calculate geothermal potential includes the age and volume of the youngest erup- tions for a given volcanic area, several field projects of the USGS were designed to address this need. For example, the results of field studies carried out during the 1970s led to the conclusion that hundreds of cubic kilometers of magma of at least 650°C are in the crust today beneath the Coso volca- nic area of California. Though the age/volume information for Coso plots in the transition zone of resource potential, subsequent exploration and development have confirmed a substantial geothermal resource there. About 270 megawatts of turbine-generator units are powered by geothermal steam today, providing sufficient electricity for an American city with a population of about 270,000 people. The Coso geothermal area is not yet fully explored or developed. USGS field studies of the 1970s and 1980s led to the conclusion that the Medicine Lake Highlands volcanic area of northern California (see graph) holds an even higher degree of promise of a geothermal resource. Subsequent drilling has confirmed a substantial resource that awaits possible develop- ment. A similar analysis of the San Francisco Peaks volcanic area in Arizona, indicates a possible geothermal resource, an example that falls within the intermediate of the three resource-potential categories. No drilling has occurred to date, so the resource potential remains an open question. A rela- tively small and old volcanic area, such as Wart Peak, Oregon, is calculated to contain little or no geothermal potential. Field studies have shown that 15 cubic kilometers of magma was erupted in 1912 at Novarupta to produce a volca- nic deposit that partly fills the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Alaska. Accordingly, the model suggests the presence of a magma body at about 650°C and around 100 cubic kilometers in volume. This large amount of geothermal energy and the even larger amount calculated for Yellowstone are protected from development by their National Park status. In addition to a hot water-steam (hydrothermal) compo- nent, by far the majority of the thermal energy associated with a magma-volcano environment resides in the magma itself and in hot-but-dry rock around it. Using current technology, only the hydrothermal component can be exploited; meanwhile, studies are in progress to demonstrate the feasibility of pos- sible future exploitation of the nonhydrothermal components of geothermal energy. ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� �� ������� �������� ������� ������� ���������� ���������� ������� ���������� ���� ���������� ��� �������� ���� ����� ������ ������ ���� �������� ����� ��� ��������� ������ ������� ���� ������ �������� ���������� ����� ���� �������� ������ ���������� ���� �������� �������� ���� ���������� ���������� ���������� ���� ���� ������ ���������� ������ ������� ���������� �������� ������� ������ ���������� ������ ������ ��� ������� �������� ������� ��������� ���������� ���������� ����������� ���������� ����������� ����������� � ���� ���� ���� � ������� �� ����� ���������� ��� ��� �� ��� ��� ��� ��� Ages of selected volcanic eruptions versus volumes of their associated magma bodies for several areas in the United States. ���� �� �����PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
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