PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 009
2 Geothermal Energy—Clean Power From the Earth’s Heat� Geothermal Then—Geothermal Now Scene from a Japanese spa shows one of the early uses of geothermal energy. Artwork was originally published in a guidebook called “Seven Hot Springs of Hakone” written and painted anonymously in 1811 by a writer whose pen name was Bunsou and an artist whose pen name was Rouka. (Courtesy of Hakone Museum of Folk Culture in Hakone City, Japan.) Geothermal in Ancient Times Long before recorded history, some ancient peoples must have been aware of geothermal features such as hissing steam vents, erupting geysers, boiling mud pots, and bubbling hot springs. One can only speculate on their reactions to such impressive natural phenomena, but some combination of fear, awe, and appreciation seems likely. By the time of recorded history, hot springs and other geother- mal features were being used by people for food prepara- tion and for bathing. The geothermally heated spas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Japanese have been imitated throughout history, and today their modern counterparts attract many visitors for recreational and medical reasons. Prehistoric and early historical uses of geothermal fea- tures were effectively limited to those found at the Earth’s surface. With rare exception, such features produce water or steam with temperatures of less than 100°C (the boiling point of water at sea level); their relatively low tempera- tures restrict the variety of possible uses. Lack of knowl- edge and technical limitations prohibited any attempt to develop deeper, hotter geothermal energy. Still, many early civilizations benefited from the geothermal resources with which they were provided by nature. Geothermal Now With modern technology, drills can penetrate thou- sands of meters into the Earth in search of geothermal resources. Such drilling has resulted in the discovery of geothermal fluid as hot as 500°C, which can provide a resource of high-pressure steam to drive turbine genera- tors at the Earth’s surface. The traditional, ancient uses of geothermal water continue to have considerable scenic and recreational value, but the present-day capability to produce high-temperature fluid through drilled wells opens the door to diverse utilization of geothermal energy over a broad range of temperatures. Information gathered from measure- ments made during flow testing of geothermal wells can indicate how much power they can provide. A “typical” commercial geothermal well can power between 5 and 8 megawatts of electrical generation capacity (1 megawatt = 1,000 kilowatts = 1 million watts). Research and development have shown that the size and vigor of geothermal surface features are not necessarily representative of the entire subsurface system. For example, at The Geysers in northern California, where the surface geothermal features are relatively weak, drilling revealed the world’s largest known reservoir of steam. Electricity generated from The Geysers geothermal field, which is fed into the regional power grid, is nearly enough to meet the energy demands of the nearby city of San Francisco. Similarly, in the Imperial Valley of southern California, rare and feeble hot springs belie the presence of many large sub- terranean reservoirs of hot water now partly harnessed to produce about 475 megawatts of electrical power. A major challenge for future exploration is to develop improved techniques that can help identify geothermal resources that have no surface expression whatsoever.PDF Image | Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS
PDF Search Title:
Geothermal Energy 1249 USGSOriginal File Name Searched:
c1249.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)