Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS

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Geothermal Energy 1249 USGS ( geothermal-energy-1249-usgs )

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Foreword� One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is the production of sufficient energy to power the economies of both the developed and developing world. Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—will continue to supply most energy through at least the first half of the century. However, declining reserves of fossil fuels, increased demand, and environmen- tal constraints will challenge human ingenuity in providing alternative sources of energy. Alternative technologies that employ the Sun’s energy (solar-electric and wind power) are advancing rapidly and provide electrical power at costs that are approaching those of con- ventional technologies. Direct use of the Earth’s heat for agricultural, recreational, and industrial purposes dates back to earliest human history. Modern technology has increased the use of geothermally heated fluids dramatically, resulting in the worldwide production of more than 10,000 megawatts annually of geothermal energy. Geothermal heating and cooling of both com- mercial and residential buildings is already widespread throughout the world. There is great potential for increasing the direct use of the Earth’s heat, thereby reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Geothermal energy currently supplies less than 1 percent of the energy consumed in the United States. If the presently known geothermal resources are fully developed in conjunc- tion with continuing technological advances, this clean, renewable energy source could con- tribute several times that amount. The purpose of this report is to describe the distribution and nature of geothermal energy, review geothermal systems, consider potential resources, and summarize the role of earth-science information in assessing geothermal resources worldwide. Energy decisions for the Nation should be based on good science. The USGS supports the Nation by providing the best information possible on energy resources to enable sound deci- sions for public health and prosperity. Charles G. Groat Director, U.S. Geological Survey iii

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