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Chapter 3: Background 3.1 General Heat Engine Cycles Heat engine systems typically produce electricity. The basic thermodynamic principle involves two sinks, a high temperature heat source and a low temperature heat sink. In between these two sinks a heat engine converts a portion of the heat flow into shaft work which is used to produce electricity. Typically, in large scale systems high temperature heat sources from, coal, natural gas, fuel oil, and nuclear power a heat cycle known as a Rankine Cycle. In the Rankine Cycle a fluid, typically water, is circulated and heated up to superheated, high pressure vapour. This superheated vapour is then run through a turbine which expands and lowers the pressure and temperature of the fluid while extracting work from it. Typically a force is put on the blades by the change in fluid pressure which produces torque. The exiting fluid is cooled down to a saturated liquid which is pumped into the heat source to heat and vaporize the fluid. Many improvements to this cycle to increase efficiency and reduce losses have been implemented over time. Turbines have improved in efficiency to convert more energy from the fluid. Other improvements such as combining a Rankine cycle with a gas turbine cycle also are implemented to improve overall efficiency. Other heat cycles which convert heat into shaft work are the Kalina cycle and Stirling cycle. The Kalina cycle is a variation of the Rankine cycle described above and the Sterling cycle is based on an ideal model called the Carnot cycle. The Carnot cycle is the ideal model which is used for comparison against all heat cycles (Cengel et al., 2008). 13PDF Image | Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of ORC
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