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efficiency of 4% (Manolakos et al., 2007). On average current work on organic Rankine cycle expanders is producing isentropic efficiencies of 45 to 70%. Due to the low source temperatures, losses need to be reduced to make these types of systems viable. While 70% maximum isentropic efficiency is a good start for experimentation, there is large room for improvement with the expander. This improves system efficiencies from the current 4% to 6.5% to higher percentages which make a strong case for organic Rankine cycle systems. Commercial applications of organic Rankine cycle systems exist and have just recently begun marketing and sales of complete systems. Many of these systems are designed and marketed in a co-generation configuration to maximize fuel input use and system efficiency. Typically these systems range from 5 kW to 50 kW of electrical output with input temperatures from 80 ̊C to 120 ̊C. Electratherm Inc. in the USA uses a screw expander for their 50 kW ORC system. The system is designed to be attached to waste heat sources, biomass or solar thermal applications to produce electricity only. Many case studies are done with the ORC system, from biogas, geothermal from oil wells, solar thermal and waste heat from large internal combustion engines (ElectraTherm Inc, 2011). Eneftech in Switzerland has developed a scroll expander (Figure 2.2) ORC with combined heat and power capabilities. Power ranges from 5 kW to 30 kW. Input heat required is 125 ̊C to 150 ̊C. One application is the heat recovery of hot oil from an industrial source, producing 22 kW of electricity. Another innovative application of Eneftech’s system being used in practical applications is at a swimming pool facility. Heat from a district heating source produces electricity while heating up the swimming pool. 150 ̊C heat from the district heating loop produces 15 kW of electricity while the remaining 10PDF Image | Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of ORC
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