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2008). Kosmadakis et al. (2011) propose a combined concentrated solar photovoltaic and solar thermal system (CPV/T) for increased power generation. Thermal efficiency of the system is 10.52% with the CPV/T and 6.56% with concentrated solar photovoltaic only. Electricity rates are 0.113 €/kWh (0.146$/kWh in 2012) for CPV/T and 0.147€/kWh (0.190 $/kWh in 2012) for CPV only (Kosmadakis et al., 2011). Quoilin et al. (2010) study a scroll expander using HCFC-123 as the working fluid. In this experiment a scroll compressor is converted to an expander. Heat sources include two hot air streams and a piston diaphragm pump to circulate the working fluid in the system. A condenser is cooled with water and various measuring instruments are distributed throughout the system to measure temperature, pressure and flow rate. 39 steady sate points are taken and the results show a maximum cycle efficiency of 7.4% and a maximum isentropic efficiency of 68%. Rotation speed varied in steps from 1771 RPM, 2296 RPM and 2660 RPM. The working fluid mass flow rates ranged from 45 g/s to 86 g/s and maximum shaft power was 1800 W. Average source temperature was 163.2 ̊C while average condenser temperature was 15.0 ̊C (Quoilin et al., 2010). Other systems based on organic Rankine cycles (ORC) but use different expanders have been experimented with. A complete system developed by Wang et al. (2010), as shown in Figure 2.1, studies a solar ORC using a rolling piston expander. The working fluid is R245fa and the system is able to achieve a power output of 1.73 kW with 45.2% expander isentropic efficiency. System efficiency is around 4.2% with vacuum tube solar collectors, producing heat at a temperature of 110 ̊C. The efficiency does not take into account the 8PDF Image | Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of ORC
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