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Chapter 2: Literature Review Exploring academic literature shows several researchers which have experimented with positive displacement machines for power generation applications. The earliest research found is by Badr et al. (1985) who experiment with multi-vane expanders for use in low grade low power output applications. Mathematical and computer models are developed to predict and improve the performance of the expander. The models are verified by comparing them to an experimental organic Rankine cycle. The isentropic efficiency of the expander ranges from 45 to 55% in this experiment (Badr et al., 1985). Bong et al. (1990) introduce a thermodynamic model for a screw expander. The thermodynamic model predicts isentropic efficiencies of 60-85% while taking into account leakage and frictional losses (Bong et al., 1990). Kaushik et al. (1994) integrate an organic Rankine cycle with a vapour compression cycle in a thermodynamic study for solar cooling. No specific expander is analyzed, although a parametric study is performed to evaluate the performance. The analysis shows that increasing the inlet temperature from 90-110°C increases the system efficiency by 25% (Kaushik et al., 1994). Yamamoto et al. (2001) explore an ORC with an axial turbine using fluid HCFC-123. Isentropic efficiency ranges from 35% to 50% compared to the same system using water with isentropic efficiencies of 40% to 35% (Yamamoto et al., 2001). Working fluid selection by Maizza et al. (2001) explores various organic fluids for ORC systems. R123 and R124 show good system performance for source temperatures of 80 ̊C- 100°C and condenser temperatures of 35 ̊C to 60°C (Maizza et al., 2001). Liu et al. (2004) explore various working fluids such as R123 using first and second law parametric studies (Liu et al., 2004). Siloxane based working fluids explored by Fernandez et al. (2011) show a 6PDF Image | Exergoeconomic Analysis and Optimization of ORC
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