PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 002
percent of their imports from Venezuela over 25 years at interest rates between 1 percent to 2 percent whenever the world price of oil exceeds $50/barrel. With the exception of a brief window in 2009, oil has been above the price point since May 2005.6 As a result, in some countries cumulative oil import debt as a percent of GDP is as high as 50 percent,7 and PDVSA estimates that one third of the Carib- bean’s foreign debt will be owed to Venezuela by 2015.8 Petrocaribe is also not in Venezuela’s long- term interests, since it reduces its oil revenues at a time when it is facing its own economic crisis.9 In fact, Venezuela has already altered the terms of the subsidies for its exports to Petrocaribe. Venezuela proposed doubling the interest rate to between 2 and 4 percent for newer members Guatemala and Honduras, as well as financing a smaller propor- tion of the oil it sells to Petrocaribe.10 Citing these changes in financial terms, Guatemala withdrew from the pact in November 2013. Other Petrocari- be members such as Honduras and the Dominican Republic indicate that deliveries have become un- reliable or fall below agreed to amounts.11 Under the present energy matrix, simply shifting from subsidized rates directly to market prices for energy would make Central American and Carib- bean economies less competitive to trade pressure from other regions. This issue will become even more salient if the United States is successful in negotiating the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. Decreased competitiveness for regional businesses and enterprises will only contribute to the growing attraction of illicit markets and trafficking opera- tions across the two regions, both of which are asso- ciated with high levels of violence and corruption. Given that existing regional solutions to high en- ergy costs are under stress, what alternatives are available to Central America and the Caribbean? 1. New sources of petroleum and petroleum prod- ucts: It is possible that the North American en- ergy renaissance will provide sufficient energy at reasonable prices to the region, particularly in the form of refined products. Some analyses of future oil prices suggest prices closer to $85- $90 per barrel. The volumes of oil flowing out of Canadian and U.S. shale oil fields are already driving the export of refined products from Gulf refineries and creating pressure to lift the restrictions on crude oil exports. In the long run, Mexico’s energy reforms may result in the availability of additional crude and refined petroleum products in the Caribbean basin. However, in even the best case, paying the full market price of oil without subsidized financ- ing will entail a very significant rise in present costs in Central America and the Caribbean. 2. Alternatives to Petrocaribe: It may be tech- nically feasible to set up new regional supply arrangement to cushion price shocks experi- enced by Central American states. This would most likely need to involve regional multilater- al financial institutions and Mexico, Colombia and the United States as the other major sup- pliers of petroleum products in the Caribbe- an basin. This would hedge against relying on a single source that may experience financial volatility and supply unreliability. It would also diminish the political vulnerability of partici- pating oil importing states by shifting from a single source model to a multilateral model. Such a model, however, would maintain the disincentive to invest in new technologies and to transition to a more efficient and green en- ergy production matrix. It would also have to overcome toxic relations between the United States and Venezuela. 3. Liquefied and compressed natural gas (LNG and CNG, respectively): Natural gas is relative- ly inexpensive and available for export from Peru and Trinidad and Tobago. In the not too distant future, it will become available in in- creasing volumes from Colombia, Venezuela, and the United States. Recent studies by the Inter-American Development Bank show that liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas are feasible alternatives from a technical Changing EnErgy DynamiCs in thE WEstErn hEmisphErE Latin amEriCa initiativE, ForEign poLiCy at Brookings 2PDF Image | ElectraTherm Enters Canada’s Natural Gas Compression Market
PDF Search Title:
ElectraTherm Enters Canada’s Natural Gas Compression MarketOriginal File Name Searched:
Changing_Energy_Dynamics.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |