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4 1 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Polymer Processes The interest in CO2-based processes has strongly increased over the past de- cades. Fig. 1.3 shows the number of papers and patents that have been pub- lished over the years concerning polymerizations in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). In the last ten years, a substantial rise in publications can be observed, which illustrates the increasing interest in scCO2 technology for polymer pro- cesses. Carbon dioxide is considered to be an interesting alternative to most tradi- tional solvents [17, 18] because of its practical physical and chemical properties: it is a solvent for monomers and a non-solvent for polymers, which allows for easy separation. To a somewhat lesser extent, it can also be a sustainable source of carbon [19]. The use of CO2 as a reactant is considered to contribute to the solution of the depletion of fossil fuels and the sequestration of the greenhouse gas CO2. One example in this area is the copolymerization of carbon dioxide with oxiranes to aliphatic polycarbonates [19–22]. Since sustainability is expected to become the common denominator of all polymer processes [23], it is important to consider this topic in relation to super- critical fluids, and scCO2 in particular. To develop sustainable processes, process intensification is essential. The following requirements have been defined to be important for process intensification [24–26]: · to match heat and mass transfer rates with the reaction rate, · to enhance selectivity and specificity of reactions, · to have no net consumption of auxiliary fluids, · to achieve a high conversion of raw material, · to improve product quality. The present status of the sustainability of chemical processes in general has re- cently been reviewed [27]. Although there have been remarkable gains in energy effectiveness for the chemical industry both in Europe and the USA, it is a ne- cessity to introduce sustainable development priorities in chemical engineering Fig. 1.3 Number of publica- tions concerning polymeriza- tion in scCO2; papers (dashed line), patents (solid line) [16].PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Polymer Processes
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