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2 1 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Polymer Processes Fig. 1.2 Annual European solvent sales: 5 million tonnes, for which rubber and polymer manufacture accounts for 56% [4]. (VOCs). Approx. 20 million tonnes of VOCs are emitted into the atmosphere each year as a result of industrial activities [3]. According to Fig. 1.2, the annual Euro- pean solvent sales to the rubber and polymer manufacturing industries, including polymer industries such as paints and adhesives, amount to 2.8 million tonnes. Based on these facts, it is highly desirable from an environmental, safety, and economical point of view to develop alternative routes to reducing the use of organ- ic solvents in polymer processes. Two obvious solutions to the organic solvents problem are the development of solvent-free processes and the replacement of sol- vents by environmentally benign products. Solvent-free polymerizations generally suffer from processing difficulties as a result of increased viscosities and mass transfer limitations, for instance in melt phase polymerization [5]. Solvent replace- ment, on the other hand, although it prevents the loss of dangerous organic sol- vents, still necessitates an energy-intensive solvent removal step. Using a “volatile” solvent makes the solvent removal step relatively easy. An intermediate solution is using one of the reactants in excess, as a result of which it partly acts as a solvent or plasticizer. In this case the excess of reactant still needs to be removed. Again, this becomes easier when the reactant involved is more volatile or, even better, gaseous. Currently, the possibilities of green alternatives to replace organic solvents are being explored for a wide variety of chemical processes.PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Polymer Processes
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