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D.3 Cautions and Considerations for SoSaT Operation of SoSaT is relatively straight-forward, but a few cautions are included here to simplify the process. They are arranged here much as the troubleshooting section of Appendix B is arranged for RGRC and RGRCMS. They are titled “issues” rather than “problems” because it may be difficult to tell whether there is a problem with the results. Rather, these are things to keep in mind before developing a heat exchanger. Issue: Water pressure in a Steam Generator Cautions: The size of a steam generator will depend greatly upon the location of the critical heat flux. Once the critical heat flux is reached, the heat transfer becomes poor and more heat transfer area will be needed, owing to the longer length of the heat exchanger and rapidly expanding capital costs. Changing the steam pressure can have a marked impact on the value of the critical heat flux and therefore a number of steam pressures should be attempted before settling on a design. Increasing the pressure will increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle, but it may be at the cost of a larger steam generator. Issue: Size and Pitch of secondary tubes Cautions: The correlations used in SoSaT (for water) are only applicable to tubes of inside diameter less than 4.0 cm, so results for any tube larger than that are suspect. The tube size and pitch affect the mass flux in each tube, and this will have a strong effect on the critical heat flux and all heat transfer coefficients. Changing the shell diameter and the pitch will give the user a feel for how the effectiveness is changed. This is an issue in CO2 and sodium secondary coolants also, because Nusselt number is a function of Reynolds number for all fluids. Especially for water, changing the dimensions of the tubes will have sometimes unexpected results because so many characteristics of the flow change (perhaps most important is CHF). Issue: Mass Flow rates Cautions: Increasing the mass flow rate on the secondary side can improve heat transfer because the secondary coolant will not undergo as much of a temperature rise, keeping ΔT large. However, the efficiency of the PCS will be reduced by a reduction in the outlet temperature. Again, there is a tradeoff between size and efficiency. For boiling water the relationship is very complicated and it is difficult to predict how a change in mass flow rate will affect outlet temperature, due to dependence of heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux on the mass flux. 151PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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