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performance, nor does it include the possibility of prewhirl. For multi-stage compressors, the return channel is an oversimplified model and could be improved. As more research is conducted, some work with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes may enhance the development of S-CO2 compressors as well. 6.3.2 The S-CO2 Cycle as a Whole The S-CO2 cycle requires validation, especially in the development of control techniques for transient operation. Trinh [2009] has made significant progress in furthering the transient model, but additional work will have to enter the experimental realm. A full recompression cycle test loop would probably be required in order to test the performance of the cycle under system transients. Compact turbomachinery is a benefit of the S-CO2 recompression cycle, but more detailed studies of the expected costs must be performed in order to quantify the economic advantage of this cycle beyond that achieved from efficiency improvements alone. Cost estimates for turbomachinery and heat exchangers will allow for comparisons with Rankine and supercritical water cycles. Then the entire economic benefit of the S-CO2 cycle can be understood. The corrosion of stainless steels in an S-CO2 environment must be investigated further. Corrosion will affect the lifetime and reliability of heat exchangers and the failure modes of every component. Of interest are high-alloy steels and austenitic stainless steels. Experimental work at MIT is building on the low-pressure experience of the British AGR program [Medina, 2008]. 6.3.3 SFR Heat Exchangers The relative costs of PCHEs and shell-and-tube heat exchangers will need to be thoroughly studied, in order to understand the long term benefit of choosing one design over the other. The performance of PCHEs relative to their cost is important as well, and information on the failure modes and repair costs for all components will need to be gathered, or at least estimated in the absence of experience. Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHEs) are very rugged and have high heat transfer areas, producing very highly effective heat exchangers in a relatively small volume. More experience with sodium flow in narrow channels will be needed to assess the operational readiness of PCHEs for use in SFRs. Also, the forced convective boiling in a horizontal, zig-zag, semi-circular channel is not well documented. Studies of the nucleate boiling heat transfer and the CHF of this geometry will be important for detailed design. For now, PCHEs appear to be an 124PDF Image | Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle Analysis
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