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needed for these corridors to be completed at a measured pace, minimizing economic disruption. Environmental Impact It would be technically difficult and very expensive to sequester the carbon emissions produced by the millions of mobile internal combustion engines currently used for transportation in the United States. In the near to mid-term, however, the United States has the capability to replace these engines with ones that are more fuel efficient– alleviating the consumer burden of a carbon tax regime. Plug-in hybrids and electric vehicles will dramatically reduce transportation emissions, especially as battery storage capacities increase to accommodate the daily commutes and commerce of more Americans. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can also provide these savings. CAFE standards will ensure a base level of deployment of alternative vehicles from manufacturers, ensuring supply meets ever-increasing consumer demand for more efficient vehicles. Transitioning heavy-duty trucks, ships, and airplanes to next generation biofuels and improving engine efficiency after the 40-year horizon of our recommendations will also reduce emissions. Energy Conservation and Efficiency Policies Energy efficiency will play an important role in the national energy strategy as a way to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions and minimize the burden of carbon taxation early in the transition. To spur investments in energy efficiency, five policies are recommended—increasing minimum efficiency standards for appliances, providing financial incentives for renewable energy heating and cooling applications, investing in energy storage technology, establishing a smart grid, and enhancing research and development for energy efficient products and services—which are designed to optimize the use of energy in homes and businesses across the United States. 1. Expand minimum efficiency standards to more electric appliances and commercial equipment. Interviewed experts believe that a reduction in energy consumption will be most easily implemented through efficiency improvements, which have proven more palatable to consumers than energy conservation initiatives. In this avenue, minimum efficiency standards (MES) have had a significant impact, reducing U.S. electricity use by 2.5 percent and total energy use by 1.3 percent and reducing peak energy use by 21,000 MW in 2000.19 Consumers saved an estimated $50 billion between 1990 and 2000 simply through the use of MES products.20 New legislation should authorize the DOE to establish MES for a greater array of electric appliances and commercial equipment, including “residential torchiere lighting fixtures, building transformers, commercial unit heaters, traffic lights, illuminated exit signs, commercial refrigeration equipment, residential furnace fans, residential ceiling fans, vending machines, and consumer electronic products that ‘leak’ electricity when not in 173PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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