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The United States should strengthen the federal government's role in determining energy policy and ensure that economic incentives for renewable technologies are reliable and long-lasting. Of the responses, five experts specifically mentioned the need for federal funding, in the form of tax credits or grants for renewable technologies, to be reliable and long-lasting.55 The interviewees indicated that such incentives were necessary to make renewable technologies price competitive with fossil fuels. Companies need to be able to rely on the incentives year after year in order to make the required investments. Robert Erlich, an expert in exploratory geology and new energy technologies, also pointed out the importance of streamlining government regulation to facilitate the distribution of renewable energy.56 Three of the experts specifically cited the need for a smart grid, which would require the federal government to expand its authority over the states to build transmission cables across various jurisdictions.57 Three respondents also stated that there should be a federally determined Renewable Portfolio Standard.58 Each of these policies requires a stronger role for the federal government. According to the experts, they would need to explicitly extend longer than the normal two-year political cycle of the House of Representatives to be successful. Government regulations can be an effective tool to increase energy efficiency and the implementation of renewable energy. Four of the experts surveyed recommended regulations they believed were necessary to induce an energy transition. Specifically, they recommended increasing CAFE standards, enacting building codes with minimum energy and water efficiency standards, and streamlining regulations for renewable technologies and the laying of transmission lines.59 Expansion of renewable energy technologies has been hindered by inefficient policy- making from a national perspective. The experts provided many reasons why Congress has made irrational decisions in developing energy policy for the nation. First, Michael Webber, a professor of energy and environmental policy, said there is a “lack of objective technical expertise in the policy-making process.”60 Tom Weimer, staff director for the House Committee on Energy Independence and Climate Change, echoed this problem by explaining that Congress picked corn-based ethanol as a “winning” technology without realizing the unintended consequences it had on food prices.61 This led Weimer to conclude that the government should fund everything until the market decides it is not viable. Second, Weimer and Erlich stated that congressmen defend the economic interests of their own state, thus states rich in coal and oil resources are going to be reluctant to price carbon emissions or appropriate money to make renewable energy technologies more cost competitive, even if it benefits the rest of the nation.62 Third, while congressmen derive political power from their home state, additional pressure can also be applied by special interest groups.63 Renewable energy technologies have been hindered by budgetary constraints and the relative importance given to other programs. Four of the experts agreed that any new spending on tax credits or grants must be balanced against existing programs and the growing debt.64 Robert Erlich expressed that the costs of the Iraq war consumed too much of the government's funds, making it more difficult to pay for an energy 154PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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