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Many sources and technologies will play a role in the future of U.S. energy. Five responses indicated that in the future the United States will need a diverse energy portfolio. Therefore all sources of energy may play a role.30 Steven W. Pullins at NETL elaborated further, “The truth is that the U.S. needs a portfolio approach to energy production/conversion/generation using all sources that make sense in the portfolio.”31 U.S. policies leading to successful development or implementation of alternative energy technologies are both political and financial in nature. Ten of the interviewees suggested that policies offering political support by streamlining regulations and processes, enacting renewable portfolio standards and environmental protection standards, and contributing to research and development most successfully promoted the advancement of alternative technologies.32 Of the four responses that suggested international collaboration and international competition promoted technological development, all stated that the policies resulted in increased research and development funds.33 Figure 8.4 displays the percentage of policy mentions per type of energy source. Please note that responses did not represent all technologies. • Viable renewable energy sources: solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, & biomass • Renewable energy sources that are still in research stages: wave, ocean current, ocean thermal, tidal, hydrogen, and geo-pressured and co-produced fluids • Viable alternative energy sources: nuclear fission • Alternative energy sources still in research stages: Nuclear fusion, methane hydrates, and cold fusion • Electricity distribution: smart grid and distributed generation Some experts also mentioned international policies that have successfully promoted the advancement of energy technologies. Mark Mehos of NREL added, “Spain’s feed-in tariffs have helped bring in a large number of new [Concentrated Solar Plants].” One interviewee explained that deregulation and competition have led to infrastructure improvements in the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Scandinavian countries.34 U.S. policies hindering the advancement of energy technologies in the United States and internationally are due to political opposition and lack of funding. Responses from experts in six energy technologies suggested that political opposition or indifference hindered the development and implementation of energy technologies. One interviewee asserted that the primary policy hindrance to the development of nuclear fusion is the lack of commitment from Congress and the Administration.35 Steven Biegalski added that both President Carter’s decision to create a policy against nuclear fuel reprocessing and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty have stalled implementation of new nuclear energy plants.36 Experts in CSP, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion indicated that the 150PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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