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Chapter 7. Case Studies and Lessons Learned: Cold Fusion and Biofuels Analysis of major energy legislation since 2005 demonstrates that political decisions often produce unintended consequences. The following case studies represent two extremes along the policy spectrum and provide a framework for understanding the political, economic, and environmental ramifications associated with the development and implementation of energy policy. Cold Fusion Cold fusion is an example of a prospective energy technology that perhaps should have been supported by the federal government, given its enormous promise for resolving domestic energy supply issues. Instead, cold fusion was ostracized by mainstream academia, government officials, and politicians. On March 23, 1989, two chemists, Dr. Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Dr. Martin Fleischman retired from the University of South Hampton, made an unexpected announcement during a press conference organized by the University of Utah. The chemists claimed success at creating a cold fusion reaction.1 Cold fusion, a term coined by E. Paul Palmer of Brigham Young University in 1986, is the anomalous production of excess heat caused by a nuclear fusion reaction at room temperature. While cold fusion would be revolutionary for the worldwide supply of energy, the findings of Drs. Pons and Fleischmann were dismissed because the announcement was premature and deviated from academic standards. In 1988, Drs. Pons and Fleishman sought DOE funding for a set of experiments focused on the production and replication of cold fusion reactions. Dr. Steven E. Jones of Brigham Young University acted as a peer reviewer during the evaluation process. Jones, a colleague of the chemists, had previously worked on muon-catalyzed reactions and published an article in Scientific American in July 1987 entitled Cold Nuclear Fusion. The three chemists agreed to publish their cold fusion results simultaneously in Nature magazine. In a surprising turn, however, Pons and Fleishman submitted their paper to The Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and announced their findings at the now infamous press conference.2 The involvement of the press, which circumvented normal scientific protocol, in addition to discrepancies in their findings marked the beginning of cold fusion’s descent into obscurity. The scientific community was unable to consistently replicate Pons’ and Fleischman’s results, and their claims that nuclear byproducts were produced during the reaction could not be confirmed. The DOE conducted subsequent studies in 1989 and 2004 that resulted in the theory’s dismissal and a denial of government funding. 135PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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