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Geothermal Heating & Cooling Geothermal heating and cooling, also known as GeoExchange, earth-coupled, ground- source, or water-source heat pumps, uses the constant temperature of the earth as the heating or cooling medium (as opposed to outside air temperature). Although air temperature can vary tremendously across the country, a relatively constant temperature is maintained a few feet underground. Depending on the location, ground temperature can range from 45°F (7°C) to 75°F (21°C). A geothermal heat pump (GHP) exchanges heat with the earth through a ground heat exchanger which maintains a comfortable indoor temperature whether it is cold outside (and warmer underground) or warm outside (and cooler underground). Both geothermal heat pumps and water-source heat pumps can supply hot water to a home in addition to warm and cool air.66 Deep geothermal systems transfer heat from depths of 500 to 5000 meters underground and are ideally used in district heating, agricultural, or industrial contexts. Shallow geothermal systems, on the other hand, use heat from depths of less than 300 meters and are best suited for domestic, commercial, and neighborhood settings.67 Installing a GHP unit can be expensive, several times that of a traditional air-source system with the same heating/cooling capacity. The energy savings received over 5 to 10 years, however, often make up for the high up-front expense, and domestic-scale systems can be installed almost anywhere. Geothermal heat pump systems are highly efficient at 300 to 600 percent, compared to air-source heat pump’s 175 and 250 percent efficiency. Once installed, a GHP makes no noise and takes up relatively little space. Indoor components are estimated to last 25 years while the underground loop is expected to last for more than 50 years. Approximately 50,000 geothermal heat pumps are installed in the United States every year.68 For more information on geothermal energy, see page 33 of this report. REHC Conclusions REHC technologies that have already achieved mass-market (mature) status include passive solar heating and cooling, solar water heaters, biomass combustion, and deep geothermal power generation. Though mature, these technologies are not necessarily pervasive due to varying levels of both natural resources and supportive policies. The technologies not yet mature enough to compete in the mass market without some continued support are: solar active heating, biogas digestion, pellet combustion, and shallow geothermal heat pumps. In many countries, solar thermal systems are widely used without government incentives; adoption in the remaining countries is uncertain. Solar cooling is still under development and will require considerable research and development investment to continue.69 Interestingly, it appears that the key to the future success of not only REHC but renewable energy in general is the ability to store the energy (heat in this case) that is produced. Until storage technology is fully operational, the potential of renewable energy will be limited.70 102PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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