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energy intensive process requiring the burning of natural gas. These two significant disadvantages explain its limited development for transportation applications. For a more detailed description of hydrogen as a fuel source, see page 46 of this report. Several major automakers are developing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles that recharge using a standard electrical outlet. Additional battery capacity reduces their reliance on the gasoline engine to an even greater extent than previous hybrid vehicles. Chevy is planning to introduce the Volt before 2010, and each brand under the Chrysler umbrella (Jeep, Dodge, and Chrysler) has plans to introduce a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle in the 2010 model year. Pure electric vehicles, by relying solely on electricity for propulsion, are likely to significantly reduce U.S. consumption of hydrocarbons as increasing amounts of electricity are produced using clean, renewable energies. There are several companies producing pure electric vehicles: Tesla Motors, ZAP, and Mini. Better Place, an innovative company striving to encourage the transportation sector’s transition to pure electric vehicles, starting with personal automobiles, has teamed up with Denmark, Israel, and Hawaii. Using electricity derived solely from clean energy sources, they are developing a new electric vehicle infrastructure. Readily available plug-in locations, as well as battery swap stations, are the company’s short-term goals. Not only will electric vehicles provide an emission-free form of transportation, once the smart grid and smart meters are widespread, electric car batteries will provide a form of energy storage. Vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, technology enables car owners to charge their vehicles overnight (a time of low demand) and draw power back from their vehicle to their home or to the grid during peak usage hours. (See Energy Storage on page 103 for more information.) Achieving widespread use of electric vehicles does pose a considerable challenge. New infrastructure is required, along with improved battery performance and longevity. To facilitate demand, consumer outreach and education must be improved and the price must become more competitive with gasoline-powered vehicles. Renewable Energy Heating and Cooling Systems The IEA describes renewable energy heating and cooling (REHC) as the “sleeping giant” of renewable energy. Using mature REHC technologies is a cost-effective way to decrease carbon emissions and fossil fuel dependency; the quest for renewable electricity generation, however, has often limited REHC technology investment and development.52 Globally, heating and cooling for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors make up 40 to 50 percent of total energy demand.53 In the United States, heating and cooling is responsible for about one fifth of the total energy consumed every year, according to the DOE’s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy department, and accounts for more than half of energy use in the average U.S. home.54 Water heating takes up a significant portion, frequently consuming an additional 14 to 25 percent of total household energy 99PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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