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most of whom are employed by suppliers or in services such as warehousing and parts. As a whole, the industry accounts for 13 percent of U.S. manufacturing jobs.51 Future policies must address the transportation sector if U.S. goals are to decrease dependence on foreign oil, reduce climate change and carbon dioxide emissions, and protect consumers from volatile energy prices. Several strategies could help reduce U.S. dependence on hydrocarbons. • Modify community transportation systems and citizens’ travel habits. Some metropolitan areas already rely heavily on public transportation, so further increasing the use of subways, light rail, and buses could reduce individual reliance on personal automobiles, thus decreasing gasoline usage. Alternative strategies, however, would be required in the South, Southwest, and Midwest regions of the United States, where dispersed populations make implementing public transportation a challenge. • Modify individual travel habits. Increased carpooling and use of bicycles, as well as driving at lower speeds, moving closer to work, or working from home are examples of methods that could decrease individual energy use. However, the effectiveness of policy in successfully encouraging these broad scale behavioral changes has yet to be proven. • Encourage the auto industry to increase average fuel economy standards. Not only are conventional vehicles capable of significantly better fuel economy than current levels suggest, but enormous strides in fuel efficiency are possible by pairing combustion engines with rechargeable battery-powered electric motors in hybrid vehicles. Although many automobile manufacturers currently offer some kind of hybrid vehicle, some show only modest fuel efficiency improvements. Creating incentives to encourage increased hybrid vehicle use offers several advantages: Congress could implement increased fuel economy standards and provide subsidies for advanced technology research and development with relative ease, and such vehicles would not require any change in infrastructure or current travel habits. • Encourage use of alternative fuels and technologies. At the present time, vehicles powered by biofuels, hydrogen fuel cells, and electricity are on the road. While biofuels are the most developed alternative, both domestically and globally, controversy surrounds biofuels due to the environmental degradation and food price problems that surround it. Research and development continues for less environmentally damaging biofuels made from switchgrass or algae. For a more detailed description of biofuels, see page 42 of this report. Hydrogen fuel cells have been used in vehicles like the BMW Hydrogen 7 and city school buses. The use of hydrogen fuel cells has not become widespread, however, due to the need for an infrastructure to distribute hydrogen for refueling. While the only emission from a hydrogen fuel cell car is water vapor, producing the hydrogen itself is an 98PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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