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light trucks. The same cannot be said for heavy trucks and aircraft. Heavy vehicles accounted for 18 percent of the sector’s energy use in 2006, while aircraft accounted for 9 percent. Strong growth in infrastructure and air travel is expected, which will only increase their energy consumption.10 The commercial sector includes retail stores, offices, restaurants, and schools. Similar to the residential sector, space heating and cooling uses the most energy while energy dedicated to lighting is a close second. The EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook for 2008 projects commercial energy consumption per capita to increase by 12 percent from 2006 to 2030, due to U.S. movement towards a service economy. With increased use of improved heat exchangers for space heating and cooling equipment, solid-state lighting, more efficient compressors for commercial refrigeration, and building energy codes, energy consumed by the commercial sector could decrease.11 The industrial sector includes manufacturing, construction, farming, mining, water management and the production/processing of goods. Due to heightened concerns over global economic competition and reducing costs, the industrial sector has made substantial efficiency improvements over the last 30 years. Subsectors that reduced their consumption by at least 25 percent include those that manufactured steel and paper products, petroleum and aluminum refineries, and cement producers. A great deal of the reduction in consumption has been due to the recycling of waste material and the use of cogeneration equipment (using excess heat from production to produce electricity and heat for the facility). The future rate of energy consumption for each specific industry subsector depends on growth, or lack thereof, in the economy. Energy consumption is expected to fall for industries such as bulk chemicals, cement, iron, steel, and aluminum, while the highest consumption rates are expected to come from computer and glass industries as well as refineries that will be required to use more energy for the production of other liquids like biofuels, coal, and heavier crude oil.12 Leaders in Energy Efficiency The most energy efficient countries are linked by several common characteristics: wealth, limited access to abundant energy sources, and a concerted effort to achieve energy independence following the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo. Japan, Denmark, and Switzerland are the top three countries in energy efficiency. Austria, Germany, the United Kingdom, Israel, Ireland, and Italy are among the 15 most energy efficient countries.13 Japan uses 4,500 Btu per U.S. dollar of GDP, a measure known as “energy intensity” (an instrument frequently used to gauge the quantity of energy used). The ten most efficient countries use 7,500 Btu or less. The United States, on the other hand, uses more than 9,000 Btu per dollar of GDP. China and the nations comprising the former Soviet Union are among the least efficient countries, using 35,000 Btu and 138,000 Btu respectively.14 The most energy efficient countries use a number of techniques to obtain substantial energy efficiencies. Japan harnesses waste heat and gases from cement factories and steel mills to provide electricity, mandates steep taxes on petroleum, sustains government 87PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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