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Shaping Energy Technology Transition

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Shaping Energy Technology Transition ( shaping-energy-technology-transition )

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Chapter 4. Technologies to Optimize Energy Use A successful transition to a new, cleaner energy economy requires that the United States not only rethink energy sources but also implement new ways of delivering, managing and using energy. Concurrent with a significantly increased use of alternative energies from the previous chapter must be a heightened effort to reduce energy consumption and the potentially disastrous effects of carbon dioxide emissions. This chapter discusses the role of technological innovation in improving energy distribution and use by focusing on five distinct areas: efficiency and conservation, infrastructure (smart grid and distributed generation), transportation, renewable heating and cooling, and energy storage. Energy Conservation and Efficiency “Conservation” and “efficiency” are terms easily confused but refer to different methods of reducing energy consumption. Energy conservation involves an actual change in behavior (i.e. doing less) to use less energy, while energy efficiency applies technology and best practices to reduce wasted energy, allowing one to do the same or more with less.1 Conservation and efficiency describe equally valid methods to decrease the amount of energy used and the amount of emissions released into the environment. Energy conservation elicits greater skepticism from those concerned with economics, as the thought of doing less implies slowing economic growth. Perry Been of the Texas State Energy Conservation Office (SECO) elaborates, “energy conservation carries the connotation of sacrifice and doing without. This leads to production losses, economic instability, and short-term concessions.” 2 There are numerous instances, however, where energy conservation practices such as carpooling, taking public transportation, and increasing vigilance regarding electricity usage should be an integral part of future policies. Demand Side Management (DSM) is the implementation of policies and measures which strive to control and reduce electricity demand and consumption while preserving the same level of service and comfort. DSM is an established method used by some utilities and electricity providers to take advantage of both energy conservation and efficiency measures to control the demand for electricity at peak times. High efficiency equipment and the efficient use of electricity are both hallmarks of DSM. Interruptible load, another tool used by DSM programs, involves interrupted service during peak times of day to participating customers. Because DSM reduces peak electricity demand, and thus the need to build more power plants, all experts surveyed agreed that utilities should be encouraged to adopt DSM programs as part of any effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.3 85

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