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surface in solid form, they are not transportable through a drill stem. As a result, one of two methods must be used to extract the resource – depressurization or thermal injection. Neither method is currently economically viable so cost estimates are not available. Costs associated with extracting energy from methane hydrates, however, will likely include building drill systems and platforms in remote areas around the nation, including the outer continental shelf off the east and west coasts and the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental Impact While methane hydrates burn carbon dioxide more efficiently than any other hydrocarbon, 1 cubic foot of methane hydrates can release up to 180 cubic feet of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas ten to 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide.217 Accelerated climate change could result if large quantities of methane escape into the atmosphere during extraction. The Permian Extinction and the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum are attributed to large releases of methane into the atmosphere. Drilling could also disrupt fragile and unique marine ecosystems like the newly discovered methane ice worms found on the sea floor in the Gulf of Mexico. Potential Role and Implications World supply of methane hydrates is estimated by the USGS to be 300 million Tcf. Not only could methane hydrate energy generate the bulk of U.S. electricity, it could decrease the country’s dependence on foreign energy sources. The technology to viably harness and efficiently transport this natural resource, however, is still under development. Additionally, there are severe environmental consequences if extreme caution is not used during extraction. Summary Summaries of the energy technologies described in this chapter—and their associated costs and environmental impacts—are provided in Tables 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4, respectively. • All mentioned technologies can generate energy domestically and therefore improve energy independence and national security. • Most alternative technologies have drawbacks regarding environmental impacts, such as the large land footprint required for wind farms, but most emit less greenhouse gases than fossil fuels. • Most of these technologies are location specific (for example, solar requires a region with steady and direct sunlight) except for nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, cold fusion, hydrogen, and biomass. • All these alternative technologies currently rely on government support in various forms, including capital investment and tax credits. 61PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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