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as much as 500 degrees and have ratios around 30 to 35 percent. For an OTEC plant to produce useful electricity, pumping large quantities of water is required. OTEC could benefit many different industries. Deep ocean water is rich in nutrients and the OTEC process transfers phytoplankton, a food source for many marine species, from deeper, colder water to shallow, warmer water, benefiting the mariculture industry. Cold water produced from ocean thermal energy conversion can also be used to cool soil and promote the growth of fruits and vegetables grown in regions outside of sub-tropic environments. OTEC technology also produces desalinated water; a plant with a 2 MW net electricity capacity could produce 4,300 m3 (14,118.3 ft3) of desalinated water daily.207 Environmental Impact OTEC has little adverse effect on the environment in comparison to other major energy sources like oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power. OTEC processes do not produce exothermic energy on the scale of hydrocarbon-based fuels. OTEC does not create pollution; therefore it does not have a significant impact on global warming.208 Though there are some concerns about the effects of OTEC on marine life, test facilities operated by the Department of Energy concluded that OTEC had no significant impact on the local marine environment.209 Potential Role and Implications OTEC could have commercial viability in the next five years.210 The cost of producing aluminum pipes and heat exchangers is declining and, coupled with increasing costs and environmental concerns associated with the use of hydrocarbon-based fuels, OTEC is becoming an attractive source of energy.211 While initial capital costs are high, these can be offset by the lack of fuel costs over the plant’s life cycle. Large-scale government funding may be needed for further research and development but corporate investment will be required to fully develop the potential for ocean thermal energy.212 In the United States, OTEC is geographically restricted to temperate zones and could only be viable in coastal states located at lower latitudes like California, Hawaii, and Florida.213 Increased development in electricity transmission could take OTEC’s potential beyond low-latitude states. The ocean is a vast resource and if OTEC can be developed on a commercial scale, it could prove a valuable alternative energy source. Methane Hydrates Methane hydrates are an untapped natural resource that could supply the United States and the world with energy for the next century. Methane hydrates are formed when underground methane gas is trapped in an ice-like structure due to high pressures and low temperatures (Figure 3.9). They are found in great abundance around continental margins and in the arctic permafrost. Methane hydrates can be harnessed for energy production much like natural gas. Once released from hydrate form, methane could 59PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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