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There are three types of ocean thermal energy conversion systems: open, closed and hybrid systems. In an open system, water is boiled in a low pressure container to produce water vapor. The water vapor expands, driving a low pressure turbine that powers an electric generator. The water vapor, now devoid of salt, is condensed back into a liquid using cold ocean water. A closed system uses a liquid with a low boiling temperature, such as ammonia, to turn an electricity-generating turbine. Cold water cools the vaporized ammonia, condensing the vapor and converting it back to a liquid. The liquid ammonia is pumped back into the system and the process repeats itself.197 A hybrid system combines both an open and a closed system to drive a low pressure turbine.198 The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) is considered the world’s leading research facility on ocean thermal technology. Though the facility is not currently producing electricity, it uses cold water to power air-conditioning systems in its administration buildings. The cold water off-sets nearly 200 kW of energy at peak demand and approximately $4,000 a month is saved in electricity costs.199 The Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute and Lockheed Martin have announced plans to build a 10 MW OTEC plant as a joint venture.200 Energy Independence and Security OTEC can produce energy continuously because water temperature does not fluctuate significantly, differentiating it from wind and solar power, which are subject to weather conditions.201 Consequently, OTEC could contribute to an increased domestic energy supply, and reduce demand for foreign energy sources.202 OTEC plants can be established not just in deep water far off-shore but both on land and on floating facilities near shore. Near shore and on land facilities can transmit not only electricity, but desalinated water, and nutrient-rich cold water for use in mariculture.203 The ability to have OTEC plants in deep off-shore water, near shore or on land could aid in developing a decentralized system of electricity while producing other beneficial byproducts.204 Economic Impact and Feasibility There are two significant barriers to OTEC development and implementation. First, building an OTEC plant requires substantial investment, and most of the capital required is dedicated to piping and heat exchangers. Since cold water from lower depths is required, pipes may need to go as deep as 3,000 feet. A 100 MW plant would require 3,400,000 gallon per minute to operate and would also require pipes with diameters as large as 10 meters.205 Capital costs can range from $7,000 to $15,000 per kWh, over ten times the cost of conventional electricity generation systems.206 Second, OTEC has not demonstrated an energy efficiency rate suitable for large-scale use. The slight difference in temperature gives OTEC a thermal-to-electricity ratio of around 3 percent. In contrast, coal- or oil-powered plants have temperature differences of 58PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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