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Coast will eventually cost approximately $0.10 to $0.11 per kWh after tax incentives.164 While the economic impact of increased wave technology implementation is unknown, concerns exist that wave energy devices may disrupt commercial fisheries, shipping patterns, military exercises, and scientific research.165 Environmental Impact Compared to traditional fossil fuels, wave energy technology has a relatively small carbon footprint, emitting no greenhouse gases or other atmospheric pollutants during operation. According to estimates, wave energy devices release 11g of CO2 per kWh throughout their full lifecycle.166 There is evidence that wave energy may have a significant impact on the environment, but minimal hard data is available. The devices used in wave energy extraction restrict sunlight, which in turn reduces food production, thereby affecting marine life. Devices that pump in ocean water may trap invertebrates and other small organisms, while those using magnetic and electrical fields may interfere with migration patterns.167 Wave height, seafloor surfaces, and water and air quality in the immediate area may be adversely affected by the energy devices’ construction and maintenance. For example, toxins used to maintain the extraction devices and biocides used to maintain platform surfaces may leach into the water,168 harming marine animals and small organisms.169 Furthermore, accidental collisions during construction or operation may release oil, diesel, or other contaminants into the water.170 Potential Role and Implications The DOE estimates that North America has 240 million kW of wave energy resources, thus covering approximately 75 percent of U.S. electricity demand.171 Specifically, the Pacific Northwest region has a capacity at 40 to 70 kW per meter of coastline.172 Considering obstacles related to technology, economics, government, and the environment, marketable wave power may be much smaller. For consideration as a viable component to the future U.S. energy mix, wave energy technology will depend on significant collaboration between the government and private sector. Tidal Energy Tidal energy conversion generates electricity by converting the hydro-kinetic energy of the tides into mechanical energy through a turbine. As tidal currents ebb and flow through channels, force is created by the velocity of this moving water. The energy of this moving water can be converted to electricity in a manner similar to conventional hydroelectric dams, by either barraging the tidal channel like a river dam and capturing the tide for release through turbines or installing underwater turbine units that convert the energy of the tidal in-stream current without barraging the channel. Since tidal barrages have significant environmental consequences, only in-stream current systems are being pursued in the United States. The cost of electricity generated by tidal energy conversion depends on the location and technology used. Current in-stream turbine technology can generate 1 to 2 MW per unit.173 This technology is still in the 54PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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