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Environmental Impact Nuclear fusion would have a negligible impact on the environment. A 1 million MW power plant would require 250 kg of fusion fuel.140 Helium is the immediate byproduct of fusion power; plants release 4 pounds of helium per 1,000 MWe plant.141 Fusion power would not contribute to global warming because power plants would emit no greenhouse gases.142 In contrast to fission, fusion is not a chain reaction so power plant accidents are less likely.143 Since only the metal components located inside the containment device’s reactor become radioactive, radioactive leakage would be minimal.144 Tritium has a short half-life and its radioactivity lasts only decades, making it possible to reuse spent materials after 100 years.145 Potential Role and Implications Resources needed for fusion are readily available. Deuterium and lithium (used to breed tritium) are nonrenewable, but naturally plentiful.146 Lithium reserves could supply the United States for close to 1,000 years; deuterium resources are expected to last billions of years.147 Once technological barriers are overcome, nuclear fusion could potentially satisfy the world’s energy needs for an extended period of time. Unfortunately, fusion power will not be viable for at least another 30 years. Cold Fusion Cold fusion differs from nuclear fusion in that it occurs at room temperature and involves placing a palladium-coated electrode into heavy water and injecting an electrical current.148 Scientists have long held the belief that such a reaction could only occur at extremely high temperatures, such as those found in the sun’s core. Chemists Dr. Stanley Pons and Dr. Martin Fleischmann, however, announced they observed excess heat during experiments they performed during the late 1980s, which they believed to be the result of a nuclear fusion reaction. If nuclear fusion could be achieved using such a process, it would provide a cheap, abundant, and clean energy source that could be used in large- scale centralized facilities or in small-scale, portable applications for individual vehicles or appliances.149 In the years following the Pons-Fleischmann announcement, there has been an array of experiments preformed using different metals and various concentrations of deuterium that have yielded different results, including transmutation of materials, excess heat, or no reaction at all. While largely discredited by the physics community, there are still scientists conducting independent research into cold fusion. Energy Independence and Security Proponents of cold fusion argue that, if successful, it could provide complete energy independence for the United States. Additionally, the metals and heavy (sea) water needed to complete the reaction are domestically available. Cold fusion is not burdened by any of the weapons applications that are associated with nuclear fission or hot fusion. 50PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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