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Potential Role and Implications Biofuels will play an important role in the future of transportation in the United States. Investments in biofuels represent a move away from dependency on oil and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. The strength of biofuels in the future largely depends upon new advances in next generation feedstocks. One option is ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstocks, which not only produce lower greenhouse gas emissions, but also have a higher net energy value than corn-based ethanol. Table 3.1 compares these advanced feedstocks. Cellulosic ethanol also allows for diverse crop systems supporting relative biodiversity.120 However, it is not yet commercially viable. More research, development and investment must be completed before biofuels can displace a significant percentage of foreign oil. Table 3.1 Advanced Biofuel Feedstocks Feedstock Pros Cons Viability Mixed Prairie Grasses • Offers biodiversity benefits • Higher biomass yields • Yields more energy than monoculture systems • Users water and nutrients more efficiently than first generation fuels • Reduces greenhouse gases - • It is uncertain when mixed prairie grasses will be economically viable Jatropha • Can survive extreme drought and poor growing conditions • Requires little maintenance • Easily modified into biodiesel • Requires significant amounts of water • May replace native vegetation and decrease biodiversity • Investments are increasing in Africa, India, Indonesia, and China • Projects are being funded by the energy industry Sweet Sorghum • Does not require conversion from starch into sugar • Can be used as both food and fuel without competition • Cannot be stored as long as other feedstocks, so must be converted into ethanol quickly • It is not yet economically viable • Developments are under way to produce a hybrid crop, thereby increasing viability Algae • Leaves a small environmental footprint • Yields a high quantity of biomass per acre • Can utilize CO2 emissions from coal-fired power plants • Requires high amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous to survive • Requires intensive management to maintain growth • It is not yet economically viable • It is uncertain whether algae will be appropriate for large- scale productions 45PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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