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Though biofuels are financially competitive with petroleum, the United States cannot produce the equivalent amount. Studies indicate that up to 16 billion gallons of ethanol can be produced from corn in 2015 without affecting its price or upsetting export markets.102 Yet in 2005, the United States consumed 3.904 billion gallons of ethanol, the equivalent of only 2.85 percent of all transportation fuels.103 Even assuming no increase in energy demand, 16 billion gallons of E85 would provide merely 7 percent of U.S. transportation energy needs.104 The EIA estimates that the cost of providing infrastructure to established gasoline stations for distribution of E85 (85 percent ethanol) and B100 (100 percent biodiesel) ranges from $22,000 to $80,000 per retrofitted filling station.105 The infrastructure cost for a new station is no more than that of a new petroleum-only station.106 One organization in the biotechnology industry reported that up to 800,000 new biotechnology jobs could be created by 2022 in the area of advanced biofuels.107 Another organization suggested that up to 1.18 million new jobs in all sectors could be created by 2022 as a result of expanding the ethanol industry.108 Environmental Impact The full lifecycles of biofuels must be assessed in order to determine their environmental impacts, including the types of feedstock used, the processes used to develop the land, the biodiversity lost, and operational emissions of the end-vehicles.109 The current policies driving both the European Union and United States to increase the percentage of biodiesel and ethanol are contributing to deforestation by slash and burn methods in other countries. The European Union imports palm oil intended for biodiesel production primarily from Malaysia and Indonesia.110 In 2002, 48 percent of new palm oil plantations in these two countries involved forest destruction resulting in loss of biodiversity, nitrous oxide emissions, and water pollution.111 Similarly, much of Brazil’s 14 million acres of sugarcane was planted on land that was once forest, contributing to biodiversity loss and increased carbon dioxide emissions.112 The United States increased corn acreage from 79 million acres in 2006 to 90 million acres in 2007, displacing soybean fields and other crops.113 Of this land, approximately 20 percent is dedicated to ethanol production. This increase has contributed to the disappearance of wetlands, the decline of conservation land in Nebraska, and an increase in local water consumption.114 Approximately 3-4 gallons of water is required to produce one gallon of ethanol.115 One acre of corn yields 370 gallons of corn-based ethanol.116 Current lifecycle assessments estimate that corn-based ethanol creates 19 percent fewer greenhouse gas emissions than the gasoline standard.117 Biofuels made from liquid manure and biodiesel made from waste cooking oil emit 50 percent less when compared to gasoline.118 Because the largest percentage of greenhouse gas emissions results from agricultural cultivation, biofuels made from waste materials provide the greatest environmental benefits.119 44PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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