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(including public utilities) provided through the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008. Nuclear Fission Fission is the process of splitting a heavy atom into two lighter atoms. Nuclear reactors initiate fission when a neutron collides with the nucleus of a heavy element, usually uranium. The uranium atom captures the neutron and becomes an unstable isotope, splitting into two lighter elements and emitting radiation. Energy is released, proportional to the difference in mass between the reactants and the products. This relationship between mass and energy is reflected in Einstein's famous equation E=mc2, where “E” is energy, “m” is mass, and “c” is the speed of light. The energy radiated from the fissile material is used to generate steam to power turbines that produce electricity. Currently, about 20 percent of U.S. electricity generation comes from the 104 active nuclear power plants (Figure 3.5).65 While there have been no new plants in 30 years66 and more than 100 proposed facilities have been canceled, companies have announced plans to construct an additional 24 reactors.67 There are no regional or geological requirements for a nuclear power plant other than access to transmission lines and public willingness to allow nuclear power in the area. While nuclear power is a mature and commercially viable technology, there are many areas of continued development. Breeder reactors, a special kind of reactor that produces more usable fuel than it originally consumed, have been in service since 1951.68 They have not, however, been scaled up to meet energy demands due to “technical, economic, and regulatory problems,” including President Carter's ban on reprocessing due to fear of nuclear weapon proliferation.69 Carter's ban expired in 1995 and the DOE has since sought “proliferation-resistant” processes.70 Thorium fueled reactors, which produce less radioactive waste than uranium, are in development in Canada and India.71 Finally, the United States has yet to solve the problem of nuclear waste storage. The United States is proceeding with development of the Yucca Mountain waste storage site, but it remains controversial and still requires enormous investments to complete site preparations.72 Dr. Steven Biegalski, the director of the Nuclear Engineering Laboratory and professor in the Radiation Engineering Program at The University of Texas at Austin stated: “The U.S. has the resources and the technology for nuclear power. We are not reliant on other nations for this source of electricity. From a national security perspective, it is a double-edged sword. On one hand, nuclear power could reduce our dependence on oil in a cost effective and safe manner. On the other hand, nuclear technology could be used by rogue individuals, groups and countries for non-peaceful purposes.”73 39PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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