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Potential Role and Implications According to the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA) in 2008, the United States remains the world leader in geothermal online capacity, totaling 2957.94 MW or 30 percent of total world capacity.50 Seven states currently operate hydrothermal power plants: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. A 2005 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessment of moderate and high temperature geothermal sources showed the United States has a combined installed and utilized power capacity of 2,500 MW and approximately 15,000 GW of generated power, totaling 25 percent of domestic, non-hydroelectric renewable energy.51 The mean estimated power production for undiscovered resources is 30,033 MW and approximately 517,800 MW in areas identified as high temperature, low permeability sites.52 Solar Solar energy technologies convert the sun’s energy into electricity (Figure 3.4). There are currently two different technologies used to convert energy from the sun into electricity: • Photovoltaic cells (PV) – PV technology uses solar cells made of silicon or other materials, packaged in photovoltaic modules. When the sun’s photons strike a PV cell, the impact breaks off electrons in the silicon, which move to the top of the PV cell’s silicon layer and along metal conductors to wires that feed the electrical current to a converter box. • Concentrating solar power (CSP) – CSP technology uses mirrors to concentrate solar heat into a PV module or some form of conducting material (e.g., oil, molten salt) that can be piped through a water source to turn a steam-powered turbine. There are three types of CSP systems: parabolic troughs, power towers, and dish sterling. CSP systems are often used for large-scale power generation and are currently more cost-efficient and have higher maximum electrical conversion efficiencies than PV methods.53 In the United States, PV capacity has grown slowly since the technology’s introduction in the 1970s. Recent federal PV installation incentives, however, have helped to make solar PV the fastest-growing renewable energy source in the United States.54 Grid-tied PV capacity has more than doubled in the past two years in the United States, from roughly 60 MW at 6,231 installations in 2005 to 150 MW at 12,714 installations in 2007.55 Domestic CSP development is beginning to accelerate after a 15-year lull in new capacity. Two large solar plants were opened in 2007: ACCIONA’s 65 MW Nevada Solar 1 parabolic trough plant and the DOE’s 14 MW PV plant at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada; additionally, 4,000 MW in new CSP projects were planned in 2007.56 36PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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