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ground through a series of mechanisms, providing space heating and cooling, and water heating to residential and commercial locations. Energy Independence and Security Geothermal energy is a renewable, domestic resource that relies upon underground heat, a replenishing base load energy source. Hydrothermal plants and heating/cooling systems are constructed in close proximity to geothermal wells. Consequently, increasing geothermal energy capacity would strengthen U.S. energy security because it generates heat and electricity locally, reducing dependence on centralized power plants and transmission systems. Economic Impact and Feasibility According to the 2005 Geothermal Industry Employment Survey, achieving 5,600 MW of production would provide 9,580 full time jobs and 36,064 full time manufacturing and construction jobs.45 Geothermal energy, however, is site-specific and disproportionately concentrated in the western half of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. According to the DOE, the costs associated with the construction of a geothermal plant are slanted toward the initial investment rather than operational expenses.46 The initial cost of installation and deployment is approximately $2,500 per installed kW. Geothermal energy generates power at a cost between $0.05 and $0.10 per kWh.47 Furthermore, the construction of geothermal reservoirs does not guarantee economic viability. Fluid exiting a wellbore must have a temperature and flow rate either equal to or superseding a designated threshold. Consequently, a reservoir constructed under less than optimal conditions can either cease to generate sufficient heat or require the drilling of multiple reservoirs. Environmental Impact Geothermal resources require minimal land use, emit virtually no pollutants, and release fewer quantities of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere than coal or natural gas. According to the 2009 Geothermal Technologies Program (GTP) Report, geothermal power plants emit 35 times less carbon dioxide than the average coal power plant per kilowatt hour of electricity produced.48 In 2008, the EIA reported that dry steam plants such as the Geysers in California, emitted approximately 90 pounds of carbon dioxide per MWh while flash plants emitted about 60 pounds of carbon dioxide per MWh.49 Emissions, however, can be eliminated through the installation of a closed loop binary system or by reinjecting cooled hydrothermal fluid into underground reservoirs in accordance with EPA standards. Geothermal plants often generate toxic sludge rich in zinc, sulfur and silica that requires proper disposal in approved sites, and research and development is required to maximize the effectiveness of existing waste management techniques. 35PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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