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because fewer fertilizers and pesticides are required. Energy crops like trees and grasses can be grown in very large quantities and are typically native to the region. Soil quality is actually improved if energy crops are used instead of high-yield food crops that leach soil nutrients. Biomass crops are also considered better wildlife habitat than food crops, and the wider time window for harvesting allows nesting or breeding seasons to be undisturbed.35 The reduced use of landfills and the enhanced use and treatment of human and animal wastes are additional advantages of biomass energy production. The benefits of biomass crops are largely in comparison to the use of food crops like wheat, corn, and soybeans. When comparing land use dedicated to biomass with undisturbed natural habitat, biomass is less appealing. While it is much closer to “nature” than current industrial agriculture, the environmental benefits of biomass depend largely on whether energy crops are managed sustainably.36 Potential Role and Implications For the United States, biomass is the fourth largest energy resource after coal, oil, and natural gas, and the second largest renewable electricity source (14.6 percent) after hydropower.37 Researchers estimate that approximately 278 quadrillion Btu of installed biomass capacity exists worldwide.38 According to the EIA, the United States consumed more than 3.4 quadrillion Btu of biomass energy in 2006 compared with other renewable energies like geothermal (0.34 quadrillion Btu), hydroelectric (2.87quadrillion Btu), solar (0.07 quadrillion Btu), and wind (0.26 quadrillion Btu).39 The United States is the largest biopower producer with more than half of the world’s installed capacity. There are approximately 7,800 MW of biomass power capacity installed at more than 350 locations.40 Biomass has the potential to be deployed in small-scale, decentralized applications as well as functioning as an integral component in large-scale co-fired coal plants. It is not limited geographically, only by the cost of transporting and storing the materials. Estimates of the ultimate potential for biomass energy vary, however. The DOE estimates that energy crops and crop residues alone could supply as much as 14 percent of U.S. power needs.41 Global electricity production from biomass is expected to increase from its current share of 1.3 percent to between 3 to 5 percent by 2050. According to the IEA, co-firing is expected to remain the most efficient use of biomass for power generation.42 Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is heat generated from the earth; this energy can be harnessed by geothermal energy plants (Figure 3.3).43 In the United States, geothermal technologies generate electricity and supply heating and cooling. Geothermal applications rely on three important conditions: heat, fluid supply, and ground permeability. “Ideal conditions” include: high-level heat flow in close surface proximity, permeable and porous rock, ground composition with optimal fluid saturation and recharge rates, and the 33PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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