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Energy Independence and Security Biomass is a renewable resource that can be used for both electricity generation and fuel. Because it is produced domestically, U.S. demand for imported oil is reduced, as is the country’s exposure to supply disruptions.29 Gasification, anaerobic digestion, and other biomass power technologies can be used in small, modular systems. These could prove useful in moving towards decentralized energy generation, providing electrical power to areas not connected to the electrical grid.30 Economic Impact and Feasibility Due to the wide variety of feed stocks and conversion processes, determining a cost for biomass energy is difficult. It is most economical to use biomass locally, as it avoids expensive and energy-intensive transportation. Generally, biomass plants have higher capital and operation/maintenance costs than fossil fuel plants. Additionally, their power output efficiencies are lower, resulting in higher fuel costs. More efficient gasifier technologies are expected to boost output efficiencies. Conventional biomass combustion costs can range from $0.06 to $0.12 per kWh. Co- firing biomass with coal is much cheaper, however, because the power plant is already built and costs are primarily related to the biomass fuel and its preparation. Co-firing system costs can be between zero and $0.04 per kWh where biomass is 10 to 15 percent of the total fuel input of the power plant. The cost of landfill gas electricity generation can range from $0.035 to $0.079 per kWh.31 The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the capital cost of co-firing systems to be $1,100 to $1,300 per kW. The capital cost of gasification systems that include combined heat and power, however, is estimated at $3,000 to $4,000 per kW.32 Farmers and rural areas will reap the benefits of increased demand for and use of biomass resources. Currently, biomass supports 66,000 jobs in the United States. The DOE predicts that advanced technologies under development will help the biomass power industry install over 13,000 MW of power by 2010, creating an additional 100,000 jobs.33 Environmental Impact Although burning biomass materials releases carbon dioxide equivalent to that from hydrocarbons, emissions released from fossil fuels are considered “new” greenhouse gases because they were created and stored millions of years ago. The carbon dioxide release associated with biomass, on the other hand, is considered neutral because the emissions released are relatively equal to the carbon dioxide absorbed during the plant’s growth. This balance depends, however, on the amount of energy that was used to grow, harvest and process the material.34 Pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are significantly reduced by burning biomass instead of hydrocarbons. Water pollution is reduced when using “energy crops” 32PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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