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meet all U.S. energy needs. Today, worldwide wind generation capacity is 94 gigawatts (GW).2 The United States produces 17 of the 94 GW, with the largest concentration of wind turbines located in Texas.3 Recent developments in wind turbine technology have led to larger single turbines, capable of providing much more energy per turbine than previous models. Energy Independence and Security The primary incentive for developing wind energy is that it is a domestic energy source that is not depleted over time or with use. It has the potential to be the sole energy source for U.S. energy requirements if energy storage can be developed successfully.4 Using wind to offset energy imports (primarily oil) would, however, require the conversion of our automobile fleet to primarily electric vehicles. Small wind turbines can be used in large sections of the United States, aiding in efforts to decentralize electricity generation. Economic Impact and Feasibility Wind power is cheaper, on both capacity and production cost bases, than most other electricity generation technologies. Currently, wind turbines cost $1750 per kilowatt (kW) of installed capacity.5 Electricity generated with wind turbines is also competitive at a cost of $10 per megawatt hour (MWh) generated.6 However, significant costs arise with the extensive transmission infrastructure investment required to allow for the integration of wind power into the transmission grid given the remote locations where wind farms will be sited. Environmental Impact Wind power is attractive because of its minimal environmental impact. Wind turbines do not produce air emissions, particulate matter, or toxic waste streams and they do not use significant amounts of water. The land footprint of wind power is large, however, requiring 25 acres of land for every megawatt of capacity installed.7 The operation of wind turbines can also lead to bird and bat deaths. Out of all bird fatalities by unnatural causes, less than 1 in 10,000 deaths are currently caused by a wind turbine. With increasing wind turbine installations, however, industry must be conscious of proper placement to ensure a minimal impact on animal populations. Potential Role and Implications Wind power could potentially generate a large portion of U.S. energy requirements, primarily in electricity generation. Supplementing current methods of generating electricity with wind power could significantly reduce our dependence on coal power, eliminating many greenhouse gas emissions concerns. Extensive investment in the U.S. transmission infrastructure must occur in order to successfully implement large-scale wind generation. The extensive land use required for this level of implementation also presents an obstacle to the further development of wind power. Without the development of large-scale energy storage, wind intermittency could threaten grid reliability. 28PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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