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Shaping Energy Technology Transition

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Shaping Energy Technology Transition ( shaping-energy-technology-transition )

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environmental dangers. Both mining methods result in significant damage to the immediate land area, and the mandatory and stringent reclamation practices required to repair this damage have been lacking. The leakage of contaminated water, either highly acidic mine water or water from mine waste sludge ponds, into groundwater and rivers remains a significant health and environmental hazard. Acid rain, a little-understood phenomenon, is also believed to result from NOx and SO2 emissions released from coal- fired power plants. Acid rain is known to damage vegetation, lake ecosystems and marine animal life cycles, as well as manmade structures.56 The Scientific, Economic, and Political Consensus Studies indicate that even after excess anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions stop, the planet will continue warming for at least a thousand years, and the higher the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide reached, the greater the level of irreversible consequences like species loss and sea level rise.57 Since the combustion of hydrocarbons for energy is the primary source of human-caused emissions, world energy use remains at the center of debate.58 Not only must the United States use different forms of energy like clean renewables, natural gas, and the co-firing of fossil fuels with biomass, but it is imperative that leadership and technology be provided for developing nations whose carbon dioxide emissions are expected to eclipse those of developed countries. After the U.S. Supreme Court ordered a thorough scientific review of the potential threats due to GHG in 2007, the EPA issued their findings in April 2009. They stated, “in both magnitude and probability, climate change is an enormous problem. The greenhouse gases that are responsible for it endanger public health and welfare...” The review documented that concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases are at unprecedented levels as a result of human emissions, and the high levels are very likely the cause of increasing average temperatures and other climate changes. Impacts like increasing drought, heavy downpours and flooding, more frequent and intense heat waves and wildfires, greater sea level rise, more intense storms, and harm to water resources, agriculture, wildlife and ecosystems are all likely to result from climate change.59 The financial costs associated with mitigating and adapting to these negative effects will be enormous. Although hydrocarbons have provided the dominant source of critical power and electricity for decades, noticeable changes in weather and the environment provide powerful evidence that a change is needed to preserve the quality of life for humans and the ecosystems on which we depend. Previous policymakers have understood this, yet have chosen not to act. The window of opportunity to enact legislation and begin a cultural shift that will minimize the impact of climate change is quickly closing. Innovative and bold vision is required to power the United States and the world with cleaner, sustainable energy. 19

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