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Although coal remains an abundant energy source, there are significant environmental and health costs associated with its use, including emissions of toxins such as mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter. Only since public awareness of anthropogenic global warming increased during the past ten years has coal been universally branded a “dirty” fuel. Coal is the leading emitter of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases amongst all fuels, and its use, primarily for electricity generation, now accounts for roughly 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions worldwide.2 Petroleum The modern U.S. petroleum age began in 1859 with the discovery of oil in Pennsylvania. This find ignited a petroleum exploration boom that would extend from California to Texas over the following decades, fed by a rising demand for lighting fuel and lubricants. While overproduction drove market prices down temporarily, the rapid adoption and spread of the internal combustion engine created vast new markets at the turn of the century. National petroleum consumption has increased ever since.3 Until the 1950s, the United States was able to produce enough oil to meet its own demand. At that point the gap between production and consumption began to widen, and starting in 1994 the nation imported more petroleum than it produced. National oil exploration had already reached its peak decades earlier—crude oil production in the lower 48 states was at its highest level in 1970 at 9.4 million barrels per day4—yet the national appetite for petroleum continued to grow largely due to economic expansion, the rise of the automobile, and population growth. Today the United States consumes 20.6 million barrels of petroleum a day, nearly 60 percent of which is imported.5 In 1973, U.S. policymakers and citizens first came to realize the negative consequences of their oil dependence, and the unreliability of their supply. The Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, consisting of the Arab members of OPEC, proclaimed an oil embargo in response to U.S. support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Consequently, the world market price of oil quadrupled and gasoline had to be strictly rationed across the United States. Even though this prompted President Nixon to declare independence from foreign oil a federal energy policy goal, U.S. imports of petroleum are higher today than they were 35 years ago. Natural Gas Natural gas has become an indispensable part of the U.S. energy economy since the development of steel pipelines and related equipment allowed large volumes to be transported over hundreds of miles. While residential demand for the fuel grew 50 fold between 1906 and 1970, the United States had large natural gas reserves and was essentially self-sufficient until the late 1980s. At this point consumption, partially pushed by increasing electricity generation needs and industrial uses, began to outpace production. Today, natural gas is the second leading fuel in the United States in terms of consumption (totaling more than 23 percent of all energy consumed), and the country imports approximately 16 percent of its gas, most of it from Canada. In the long-term, 6PDF Image | Shaping Energy Technology Transition
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